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*19 April - Two aircraft written-off in separate accidents at [[Bolling Field]], [[Washington, D.C.]].<ref name="Maurer">Maurer Maurer, "Aviation in the U.S. Army, 1919-1939", United States Air Force Historical Research Center, Office of Air Force History, Washington, D.C., 1987, ISBN 0-912799-38-2, page 23.</ref>
*19 April - Two aircraft written-off in separate accidents at [[Bolling Field]], [[Washington, D.C.]].<ref name="Maurer">Maurer Maurer, "Aviation in the U.S. Army, 1919-1939", United States Air Force Historical Research Center, Office of Air Force History, Washington, D.C., 1987, ISBN 0-912799-38-2, page 23.</ref>
*22 April - Three more aircraft are wrecked at [[Bolling Field]], [[Washington, D.C.]].<ref name="Maurer"/>
*22 April - Three more aircraft are wrecked at [[Bolling Field]], [[Washington, D.C.]].<ref name="Maurer"/>
*22 May - [[Bristol Badger|Bristol F.2C Badger]] partial prototype, completed in 1919 for aerodynamic tests, using [[Armstrong-Siddeley Puma]] engine, but only the wings and undercarriage of the Badger design (and locally referred to as the Badger X - for experimental) crashes this date. It is entered on the civil register as ''K110'', AFTER it has already been written off. <ref>Mason, Francis K., "The British Fighter since 1912", Naval Institute Press, Annapolis, Maryland, 1992, Library of Congress card number 92-63026, ISBN 1-55750-082-7, page 146.</ref>
*19 June - [[U.S. Navy]] Goodyear airship D-1, ''A4450'', is destroyed by fire <ref name="Swanborough, Gordon 1976, pages 573-574">Swanborough, Gordon, and Bowers, Peter M., "United States Navy Aircraft since 1911", Naval Institute Press, Annapolis, Maryland, 1976, Library of Congress card number 90-60097, ISBN 0-87021-792-5, pages 573-574.</ref> at the Goodyear Wingfoot Lake Airship Base, [[Suffield Township, Portage County, Ohio]].<ref name="Windfoot_Base">[http://www.goodyearblimp.com/history/wingfoot.html A Brief History of the Wingfoot Lake Airship Base]</ref>
*19 June - [[U.S. Navy]] Goodyear airship D-1, ''A4450'', is destroyed by fire <ref name="Swanborough, Gordon 1976, pages 573-574">Swanborough, Gordon, and Bowers, Peter M., "United States Navy Aircraft since 1911", Naval Institute Press, Annapolis, Maryland, 1976, Library of Congress card number 90-60097, ISBN 0-87021-792-5, pages 573-574.</ref> at the Goodyear Wingfoot Lake Airship Base, [[Suffield Township, Portage County, Ohio]].<ref name="Windfoot_Base">[http://www.goodyearblimp.com/history/wingfoot.html A Brief History of the Wingfoot Lake Airship Base]</ref>
*12 August - Lt. William C. Maxwell, of the 3rd Aero Squadron, a native of [[Atmore, Alabama]], is killed in an aviation crash in the [[Philippines]]. Engine trouble forced Lt. Maxwell to attempt to land his [[DH-4]] in a sugarcane field. Maneuvering to avoid a group of children playing below, he struck a flagpole hidden by the tall sugarcane and was killed instantly. On the recommendation of his former commanding officer, Maj. Roy C. Brown, Montgomery Air Intermediate Depot, [[Montgomery, Alabama]], was renamed [[Maxwell Air Force Base|Maxwell Field]] on 8 November 1922. <ref>http://www.historicmarkers.com/component/content/article/1331-montgomery/65961-lt-william-c-maxwell</ref>
*12 August - Lt. William C. Maxwell, of the 3rd Aero Squadron, a native of [[Atmore, Alabama]], is killed in an aviation crash in the [[Philippines]]. Engine trouble forced Lt. Maxwell to attempt to land his [[DH-4]] in a sugarcane field. Maneuvering to avoid a group of children playing below, he struck a flagpole hidden by the tall sugarcane and was killed instantly. On the recommendation of his former commanding officer, Maj. Roy C. Brown, Montgomery Air Intermediate Depot, [[Montgomery, Alabama]], was renamed [[Maxwell Air Force Base|Maxwell Field]] on 8 November 1922. <ref>http://www.historicmarkers.com/component/content/article/1331-montgomery/65961-lt-william-c-maxwell</ref>

Revision as of 08:47, 18 August 2010

This is a list of notable accidents and incidents involving military aircraft grouped by the year in which the accident or incident occurred. For more exhaustive lists, see the Aircraft Crash Record Office or the Air Safety Network. Combat losses are not included except for a very few cases denoted by singular circumstances.

See also: List of accidents and incidents involving military aircraft (1925–1934)
See also: List of accidents and incidents involving military aircraft (1935–1939)
See also: List of accidents and incidents involving military aircraft (1940–1944)
See also: List of accidents and incidents involving military aircraft (1945–1949)
See also: List of accidents and incidents involving military aircraft (1950–1959)
See also: List of accidents and incidents involving military aircraft (1960–1974)
See also: List of accidents and incidents involving military aircraft (1975–1999)
See also: List of accidents and incidents involving military aircraft (2000–present)

Aircraft terminology

Information on aircraft gives the type, and if available, the serial number of the operator in italics, the constructors number, also known as the manufacturer's serial number (c/n), exterior codes in apostrophes, nicknames (if any) in quotation marks, flight callsign in italics, and operating units.

1895

  • 4 July - A large German military balloon burst at the German Army's Balloon Department grounds. Five balloonists were injured.[1]

1908

File:First powered aviation crash.jpg
Wright Model A crash on Fort Myer parade ground. Photo by C.H. Claudy.

1909

  • 5 November - The United States Army Wright Flyer piloted by Lieutenant Lahm with Lieutenant Humphreys as passenger crashed into the ground while executing a sharp right turn. The aircraft had lost altitude due to engine misfiring and the aircrew had not taken account of their proximity to the ground when banking the aircraft to the right. Both officers were unhurt but the aircraft required repairs.[4]

1911

  • 10 May - First U.S. Army pilot casualty, 2nd Lt. George E. Maurice Kelly (1878–1911), London-born, and a naturalized United States citizen in 1902, is killed when he banks his Curtiss Type IV (or Curtiss Model D), Army Signal Corps serial number 2, sharply to avoid plowing into an infantry encampment near the present site of Fort Sam Houston, Texas. The Aviation Camp (aka Remount Station) at Fort Sam Houston is renamed Camp Kelly, 11 June 1917, then Kelly Field on 30 July 1917, and finally Kelly AFB on 29 January 1948.[5] Airframe rebuilt, finally grounded in February 1914, refurbished, and placed on display in the Smithsonian Institution National Air and Space Museum, Washington, D.C. Due to this crash, the commanding officer of Fort Sam Houston bans further training flights at the base, the flying facilities being moved to College Park, Maryland in June-July 1911.[2]
  • 18 November - First British seaplane to leave the water, and the first seaplane to take off from British waters, an Avro Type D, the first of six of the type, piloted by Royal Navy Commander Oliver Schwann, lifts off from Cavendish Dock, Barrow-in-Furness, England briefly, falls back into the water and is damaged.[2] His lack of training betrayed him, and the first take-off was not followed by the first successful landing. The Avro will be repaired.[6]

1912

  • 11 June - Lieutenant Leighton W. Hazelhurst, Jr. (July 1887 - 11 June 1912) and Arthur L. Welsh (14 August 1881 - 11 June 1912) are killed in crash of Wright Model C, probably U.S. Army Signal Corps serial number 7, in College Park, Maryland . Hazelhurst was the third army officer to die in an aeroplane plunge.[7][8] Airframe had recently been purchased by the Aeronautical Division, U.S. Signal Corps.[9] The United States Army Signal Corps had established a series of tests for the aircraft, and Welsh and Hazelhurst were taking the Model C on a climbing test, one of the last in the series required by the Army. Shortly after takeoff, the plane pitched over while making a turn and fell 30 feet (9.1 m) to the ground, killing both crew members. They had both been ejected from their seats, with Welsh suffering a crushed skull and Hazelhurst a broken neck.[10] The New York Times described Welsh as "one of the most daring professional aviators in America" and his flying partner Hazelhurst as being among the "most promising of the younger aviators of the army".[10] A board of officers was formed by the United States Secretary of War Henry Lewis Stimson, which concluded that Welsh was at fault in the crash, having risen to 150 feet, with the plan to dive at a 45-degree angle in order to gain momentum for a climb, but had made the dive too soon, with the board's results reported in the June 29, 1912 issue of Scientific American. In a 2003 interview, a cousin of Welsh's reported the family's belief that the tests were run too rapidly and that Welsh was doomed to fail by carrying too much fuel and a passenger, giving a craft that would be unable to make the planned maneuver with the weight it was carrying.[11]
  • 5 July - Royal Flying Corps Captain Eustace Loraine and his observer Staff Sergeant R H V Wilson were flying a Nieuport Monoplane out of Larkhill, Wiltshire, England on a routine morning practice sortie. They were executing a tight turn when the aircraft fell towards the ground and crashed. Wilson was killed outright and although Loraine was speedily transported to Bulford Hospital in a horse-drawn ambulance, he succumbed to his wounds only a few minutes after arriving at the Hospital.[12][13] Loraine and Wilson were the first Flying Corps personnel to die in an aircraft crash while on duty. Later in the day an order was issued which stated "Flying will continue this evening as usual", thus beginning a British aviation tradition.
  • 31 July - An attempt by the U.S. Navy to catapult launch the Navy's first seaplane, a Curtiss pusher, A-3, at the Washington Navy Yard, Washington, D.C., fails when a crosswind catches the plane halfway along the catapult and tosses it into the Anacostia River. Pilot uninjured.[2]
Wright Model B wreckage at College Park Airport.
  • 6 September - Capt. Patrick Hamilton and Lt. Wyness-Stuart of the Royal Flying Corps are killed while flying (KWF) when their Deperdussin monoplane breaks up in flight, crashing at Graveley, near Welwyn. The 60 hp (45 kW) Anzani-powered aircraft had been taken on strength by the army in January 1912.[2]
  • 10 September - Second Royal Flying Corps accident involving monoplanes in five days causes Col. Seely, Secretary of State for War, to issue ban on monoplanes on 14 September. In this accident, Lts. E. Hotchkiss and C. A. Bettington are KWF when fabric rips from the starboard wing of their Bristol-Coanda-type which plummets to the ground. The ban will be reversed five months later when technical studies show that monoplanes are no more dangerous than biplanes.[2]
  • 28 September - Wright Model B, U.S. Army Signal Corps serial number 4, crashes at College Park Airport, Maryland killing two crew, Lieutenant L.C. Rockwell and Corporal Frank S. Scott. On 20 July 1917, the Signal Corps Aviation School is named Rockwell Field in honor of 2nd Lt. Lewis C. Rockwell, killed in this crash, and Scott Field, Illinois is named for the first enlisted personnel killed in an aviation crash. Scott Air Force Base remains the only U.S. Air Force base named for an enlisted man.

1913

Painting of LZ18 descending in flames after engine fire, 17 October 1913.
  • 8 February - Russian pilot N. de Sackoff becomes the first pilot shot down in combat when his biplane is hit by ground fire following bomb run on the walls of Fort Bizani during the First Balkan War. Flying for the Greeks, he comes down near small town of Preveza, on the coast N of the Aegean island of Levkas, secures local Greek assistance, repairs plane and resumes flight back to base.[2]
  • 20 June - First fatality in U.S. Naval aviation occurs when flight instructor Ens. W.D. Billingsley is thrown from pilot seat of the second Wright CH seaplane, B-2, at height of 1,600 feet in turbulent air over Annapolis, Maryland. Passenger Lt. John Henry Towers stays with airplane, sustaining injuries when it hits water. Design was modified conversion of Wright Model B with two pusher propellers driven through chains connected to a 60 hp (45 kW) Wright engine.[2]
  • 23 June - The S-21 Russky Vityaz ("Russian Knight"), designed by Igor Sikorsky and built by the RBVZ, a redesigned variant of the Bolshoi Baltiski, as the first large aircraft intended exclusively as a bomber, first flies on this date. It is lost with all seven crew in freak accident during 1913 military trials when the Gnôme rotary on a Moller II pusher biplane tears loose and hits the giant bomber.[2]
  • 4 September - U.S. Army 11th Cavalry 1st Lt. Moss Lee Love becomes the 10th fatality in U.S. army aviation history when his Wright Model C biplane crashes near San Diego, California during practice for his Military Aviator Test. On 19 October 1917, the newly-opened Dallas Love Field in Dallas, Texas is named in his honor.[14]
  • 9 September - Imperial German Navy Zeppelin, L 1, LZ14, pushed down into the North Sea in a thunderstorm, drowning 14 crew members. This was the first Zeppelin incident in which fatalities occurred.
  • 13 October - Imperial German Air Force-Lt. Koening {Aviator # 166} killed in crash near Neuendorf Aerodrome near Berlin. Lts Soren and Rohstadt are injured while taking a flight between Berlin and Stuttgart [15]
  • 17 October - Imperial German Navy Zeppelin L 2, LZ18, destroyed by an exploding engine during a test flight - the entire crew of 28 was killed.[2]
  • 7 December - A Royal Aircraft Factory B.E.2a, 235, flown by factory test pilot Norman Spratt crashed at the Farnborough Aerodrome, pilot surviving.[16]

1914

  • 25 May - First fatal mid-air between two machines of the Royal Flying Corps kills Capt. E. V. Anderson and his passenger Air Mechanic Carter when their Sopwith three-seater biplane is accidentally rammed by Lt. C. W. Wilson in another Sopwith of the same type. Wilson was returning from Brooklands and descending to land at Farnborough when he struck the other plane, which was climbing away from the aerodrome on a familiarization flight. Wilson escapes with bruises and a broken jaw. Both machines and all three airmen were from No. 5 Squadron, RFC.[2]
  • 4 June - First fatal British seaplane accident kills Lt. T. S. Cresswell and Cmdr. A. Rice of the Royal Navy. While ascending from the Calshot Air Station, the Short S.128 they are flying passes over motorboat on Southampton Water where Short's test pilot Gordon Bell and Lt. Spencer Grey are watching flight. At height of just over 200 feet, seaplane appears to break up and plummets into sea, killing both occupants. Some witnesses say that they believed that the seaplane stalled and that the wings folded up as structural limits were exceeded.[2]
  • 26 June - The prototype Bristol S.S.A. (for Single-Seat Armoured), c.n. 219, a Henri Coanda single-seat tractor biplane design intended for production France, crashes on landing at Filton when an undercarriage bracing wire fails. Pilot Harry Busteed slightly injured, but airframe is severely damaged. The French authorities however agree to accept delivery of the type at the Breguet factory, where it is rebuilt, and Bristol takes no further part in its development. [17]
  • 26 July - Seventh aircraft erected at Tokorozawa Airfield, Japan, the Kaishiki Converted Type Mo (Maurice Farman Type), 7, crashed at this airfield while piloted by Capt. Tokugawa. When rebuilt, with completion on 19 January 1915, this 7th Type Mo 1913 became known as the Sawada Type No. 7, or more officially because of radical modifications, as the Kaishiki the 3rd Year Model.[18]
  • 12 August - Sole Royal Aircraft Factory S.E.4, 628, crashlands at 1145 hrs. while being flown by Norman Spratt when one of the wheels collapsed, airframe overturning, sustaining such extensive damage that it is abandoned.[19]
  • 5 October - First aerial combat kill in history recorded when a Voisin pusher of Escadrille VB24, French Air Service, flown by Sgt. Joseph Frantz and Cpl. Quénault, downed a German two-seater Aviatik B.II, flown by Feldwebel Willhelm Schlichting with Oberleutnant Fritz von Zangen as observer,[2] using what is believed to have been a Hotchkiss machine gun.[20]

1915

  • 6 March - First fatal accident involving Japanese Naval aviators occurs when Yokosho-built Navy Type Mo Large Seaplane (Maurice Farman 1914 Seaplane), serial number 15, crashed at sea with Sub-Lieuts. Tozaburo Adachi and Takao Takerube, and W/O 3/c Hisanojo Yanase on board, all KWF.[18]
  • 1 May - Air Mechanic William Thomas James McCudden of the Royal Flying Corps the elder brother of James McCudden VC died when his Bleriot had engine trouble and crashed on 1 May 1915 at Fort Grange. Gosport
  • 17 November - Imperial German Navy Zeppelin, L 18, LZ52, destroyed in shed fire at Tondern during refilling.

1916

  • 9 June - Lt.j.g. Richard Caswell Saufley of the U.S. Navy is killed in the crash of a Curtiss Model E hydro-plane (seaplane), AH-8, off Pensacola, Florida at the 8 hr., 51 min. mark of an attempted long-duration flight. Saufley Field, north of NAS Pensacola, is subsequently named for him.[2]
  • 18 June - German ace Max Immelmann (17 victories) is killed at ~2215 hrs. when his Fokker E.III monoplane, 246-16, crashes after breaking up in the air when the interrupter gear malfunctions and he shoots away his own propeller. He had been engaging an F.E.2b piloted by 2nd Lt. G.R. Gubbin with Cpl. J.H. Waller as gunner.[2] Gubbin and Waller were credited with the victory, but another theory posits that Immelmann may have taken hits from friendly AAA, as the propeller failure would not necessarily have caused the complete airframe disintegration that occurred.
  • Afternoon of 27 June - Fokker's chief designer and test pilot Martin Kreutzer takes a Fokker D.I for test flight, but when he kicks rudder hard over, it jams and he is severely injured in subsequent crash, dying in hospital the next day.[21][22]
  • 3 September - Imperial German Army Zeppelin LZ86, LZ56, crashed when the fore and aft nacelles broke away from the ship's hull after a raid.
  • Night of 6 September - The Roland (Luftfahrzeug Gesellschaft mbH, or LFG) Adlershof, Berlin, Germany, aircraft plant burns, destroying seven complete aircraft, including the prototype Roland C.III (and only one built), as well as ten fuselages. Assembly jigs and fixtures, models and some drawings are salvaged and production resumes a week later in commandeered Automobile Exhibition Hall.[23]
  • 16 September - Two Imperial German Navy Zeppelins destroyed when L 6, LZ31, took fire during refilling of gas in its hanger at Fuhlsbüttel and burnt down together with L 9, LZ36.
  • 21 September - One only prototype Avro 521 fighter, 1811, (a serial that duplicated one assigned to a Bleriot monoplane), assigned to Central Flying School Upavon, crashes killing pilot Lt. W.H.S. Garnett.[24]
  • 28 October - Undercarriage of German fighter pilot Erwin Böhme, diving on a British fighter, strikes upper wing of ace Oswald Boelcke's Albatros D.II, also pursuing the same target. Fabric peels loose, aircraft disappears into cloud - when it emerges, the top wing is gone. Boelcke makes relatively "soft" landing, but as he habitually flew without a helmet, and in haste to take off had not properly secured his seatbelt, he was killed on impact. He was 25, and was credited with 40 victories. Jasta 2 is officially named "Jasta Boelcke" on 17 December 1916 in honour of its former commander.
  • 7 November - Imperial German Army Zeppelin LZ90, LZ60, broke loose in the direction of the North Sea in a storm and never seen again.
  • 13 November - Sole prototype of the Dornier (Zeppelin) V1, a single-seat, all-metal fighter with pod-type fuselage and pusher 160 hp (120 kW) Maybach Mb III engine, designed by Dipl-Ing Claudius Dornier, and built by the Abteilung 'Dornier' of the Luftschiffbau Zeppelin GmbH at Seemoos, near Friedrichshafen, attempts initial flight. After a series of ground hops in September by Bruno E. Schröter, this pilot refused to fly the prototype due to pronounced tail-heaviness. Oblt. Haller von Hallerstein, instead undertakes initial flight this date, but the V1 performs a loop immediately after take-off, crashing, killing pilot. No further development undertaken of the type.[25]
  • 12 December - Sole prototype of Kishi No.2 Tsurugi-go ("Sword" type) Aeroplane, 'II', single-engine pusher biplane, makes first and last flight when Lt. Inoue lifts off, immediately banks sharply to port, wingtip contacts ground, airframe cartwheels sustaining considerable damage. Cause of accident assumed to be due to the sweptback wing design.[18]
  • 28 December - Imperial German Navy Zeppelin L 24, LZ69, crashed into a wall while being "stabled", broke its back, and burned out together with L 17, LZ53.
  • 29 December - Imperial German Navy Zeppelin L 38, LZ84, damaged beyond repair in a forced landing (due to heavy snowfall) during an attempted raid on Reval and Saint Petersburg.

1917

Sqn Cdr E. H. Dunning landing aboard HMS Furious in the Scapa Flow, in a Sopwith Pup, believed to have been N6453, 2 August 1917, five days before his fatal third attempt.
  • 1 January - Five Royal Naval Air Service crew en route from Manston, England to Villacoublay, France in a Handley Page 0/100 bomber, run into clouds, lose their direction due to a compass fault, and land to ask directions. Unfortunately, they come down behind German lines at Chalandry, near Lâon, France, and before they can either burn the machine or take off, a German infantry patrol captures them and their intact bomber. An unconfirmed story states that Manfred von Richthofen flew this machine to 10,000 feet before the Kaiser at a later date.[2]
  • 28 January - Royal Aircraft Factory test pilot Maj. Frank W. Goodden is killed in the second prototype S.E.5, A4562 at RAE Farnborough, when it breaks up in flight. At the time of his death, Goodden was one of Britain's most experienced pilots. Inspection found that the wings had suffered failure in downward torsion. Plywood webs were added to the compression ribs, curing the trouble and were standardized on all later S.E.5s and 5a's.[26][27]
  • 7 February - Imperial German Navy Zeppelin L 36, LZ82, damaged during landing in fog at Rehben-an-der-Aller and decommissioned.
  • 26 March - Ex-Royal Flying Corps pilot J. B. Fitzsimmons is killed while engaging in some low level aerobatics in a high wind in the sole Nestler Scout (no serial) when the fabric began stripping from the wings. Fitzsimmons crashes into a hangar and the airframe is wrecked. No further development work takes place on the design. [28]
  • June - During this month, six Russian Anatra D biplanes crash due to poor quality manufacturing, killing their pilots. The Russian aircraft builder was hampered by a shortage of high-quality wood and fabricated each wing spar in two pieces, overlapping at the joint by only 12 inches, held together with glue and tape.[2]
  • 16 June - Imperial German Navy Zeppelin L 40, LZ88, damaged beyond repair in a failed landing at Nordholz.
  • 7 August - Squadron Commander Edwin H. Dunning, RNAS, (17 July 1892 - 7 August 1917) during landing attempt aboard HMS Furious, Pennant number 47, in Sopwith Pup, N6452, decides to go around before touchdown, but Le Rhône rotary engine chokes, Pup stalls and falls into the water off the starboard bow. Pilot stunned, drowns in the 20 minutes before rescuers reach still-floating airframe. Dunning had made two previous successful landings on Furious, the first-ever aboard a moving vessel.[29]
  • 25 August - First Vickers F.B.26 Vampire, B1484, piloted by Vickers test pilot Harold Barnwell, crashes at Joyce Green, when he attempts a spin without sufficient altitude for recovery. Pilot KWF.[30]
  • 19 October - Imperial German Navy Zeppelin L 16, LZ50, damaged beyond repair in a forced landing near Brunsbüttel.
File:Hgontermann.jpg
Lt. Heinrich Gontermann's Fokker Dr.I Dreidekker, 115/17, the day after losing the top wing during aerobatics, with fatal result for the ace.
  • 29 October - Lt. Heinrich Gontermann, known as the Balloon Strafer, receives fatal injuries when the Fokker Dr.I Triplane, 115/17, of Jasta 15, he is performing aerobatics over his airfield at 1,500 feet in, suffers structural failure as the top wing breaks up, crashes, suffers grievous facial injuries, dies the following day. The Triplane had been delivered to Jasta 15 on 22 October but foul weather kept it grounded until the 28th. Gontermann had scored 21 airplane kills and 18 balloons.[2]
  • 31 October - Fokker Dr.I Triplane, 121/17, flown by Lt. Pastor from Jasta 11, one of the JG.1 units under Manfred von Richthofen, suffers structural failure and crashes. Second such crash in three days causes all Fokker Triplanes to be grounded immediately with affected flight crew reverting temporarily to Albatros D.Va and Pfalz D.III scouts. Accidents are investigated 2 November, reports issued 13 days later. Instructions for manufacturing and assembly improvements are implemented, production and flying resume 28 November.[2]
  • December - Second prototype Sopwith Snipe, B9963, tricky to fly as its 230 hp (170 kW) Bentley BR2 rotary engine had immense torque that made directional control difficult, as well as being tail heavy while climbing, and nose heavy while diving, crashes, probably at RAE Farnborough, England.[31] This airframe may have been a rebuild of B.R.1-engined prototype.[32]

1918

  • Early 1918 - Sole prototype of the Curtiss CB (Curtiss Battleplane), unofficially known as the "Liberty Battler", 34632, an experimental two-seat fighter developed and flown early in this year as a result of difficulties being experienced with the Liberty-engined version of the Bristol F2B, proves to have extremely poor handling characteristics and subsequently crashes early in its test programme.[33] Three additional airframes, 34633-34635, cancelled.[34]
  • 5 January - Imperial German Navy Zeppelin, L 47, LZ87, destroyed by a giant explosion at the air base in Ahlhorn, along with L 46, LZ94, L 51, LZ97, and L 58, LZ105, and one non-Zeppelin-type airship, stabled in three adjacent hangars. This is supposed to have been an accident, though sabotage could not be ruled out.
  • 7 February - During U.S. Navy tests of a converted Curtiss N-9 biplane as an unpiloted flying bomb, equipped with a Sperry automatic control, Lawrence Sperry takes it up to prove airworthiness of the design, crashes, but pilot unhurt.[2]
  • 10 March - Sole prototype Nieuport B.N.1, C3484, operating out of Sutton's Farm, a home aerodrome, Great Britain, catches fire in the air and is destroyed. No further development undertaken.[35]
  • 28 March - Sole prototype of the Breguet LE (Laboratoire Eiffel), a single-seat fighter monoplane, crashes on its second flight, out of Villacoublay, France, when it dives into the ground at full-throttle, killing pilot Jean Sauclière. Further development suspended.[36]
  • 4 April - Royal Flying Corps SPAD 12, S.449/B6877, equipped with engine No. 9253, crashes during flight from Martlesham Heath to the Isle of Grain. Records do not indicate any attempts to repair or replace the sole example of this model received by the RFC.[37]
  • 19 May - First prototype Sopwith Salamander, E5429, crashes during test program while with No. 65 Squadron when the pilot has to avoid a tender crossing the aerodrome responding to another crash.[38]
  • 8 June - First prototype Handley Page V/1500 bomber, E1404 (?), powered by tandem pairs of Rolls-Royce Eagle engines, first flown on 22 May 1918, crashes on thirteenth flight while piloted by Capt. Vernon E. G. Busby when all four engines quit at 1,000 feet altitude (300 m), possibly due to fuel starvation. Pilot attempts turn back to airfield but stalls and spins in. Four riding in the forward fuselage are killed on impact, two in rear rescued before airframe is consumed by fire, but one dies later of injuries. As aircraft was destroyed by post-crash fire, no determination could be made of cause of accident. Although two V/1500s of 166 Squadron are ready for a mission on 8 November 1918, bad weather cancels raid, and with the armistice signed on 11 November 1918 the type never flies operationally.[39]
  • 19 June - Lt. Frank Stuart Patterson, son and nephew of the co-founders of National Cash Register, is killed in the crash of his Airco DH.4M, AS-32098, at Wilbur Wright Field during a flight test of a new mechanism for synchronizing machine gun and propeller, when a tie rod breaks during a dive from 15,000 feet (4,600 m), causing the wings to separate from the aircraft. Wishing to recognize the contributions of the Patterson family (owners of NCR) the area of Wright Field east of Huffman Dam (including Wilbur Wright Field, Fairfield Air Depot, and the Huffman Prairie) is renamed Patterson Field on 6 July 1931, in honor of Lt. Patterson.
  • 9 July - The fourth-highest-scoring British ace of the Great War, Maj. James Thomas Byford McCudden, is killed when he side-slips into the ground while trying to return to the airfield at Auxi-le-Château after the engine of his S.E.5a cuts out. McCudden had taken off to fly to his new command, No. 60 Squadron, RAF. He had 57 aerial victories.[2]
  • Between 27 July and 1 August - Third prototype Sopwith Salamander, E5431, crashes in France before a newly-applied disruptive camouflage scheme can be evaluated.[40]
  • 10 August - Lt. Erich Loewenhardt, third-highest-scoring German ace of the Great War, is KWF when the wheels of a Fokker D.VII flown by Lt. Alfred Wentz of Jasta 11 (also spelt Wenz in some sources) collide with the wing of his own Fokker D.VII, causing it to crash. He bails out but his chute fails to open. Lowenhardt, posted to JG.1, and flying with Jasta 10 from July 1917, scored 53 victories before his death. Wentz successfully bails out of his stricken fighter.[2]
  • 13 August - Jarvis Jennes Offutt, (1894–1918), becomes the first fatality among natives of Omaha, Nebraska in World War I, when his S.E.5 crashed during a training flight near Valheureux, France, and succumbs to his injuries. The Flying Field, Fort George Crook, Nebraska renamed Offutt Field, 6 May 1924.
  • 19 August - First of three crashes of new Fokker E.V. (Eindekker Versuchs, or monoplane experimental), six of which are delivered to Jasta 6 of the Imperial German Air Force on 7 August, to occur in a week, kills Leutnant Emil Rolff when wing fails, and, like the Fokker Triplane before it, the type is grounded for investigation. Problem traced to shoddy workmanship at the Mecklenburg factory where defective wood spars, water damage to glued parts, and pins carelessly splintering the members instead of securing them are discovered. Upon return to service two months later, design is renamed the Fokker D.VIII in an effort to distance type's reputation as a killer. Rolff had scored the first kill in the type on 17 August.[41][42]
  • 11 September - Third prototype Vickers Vimy, B9954, crashes during testing - stalls on takeoff with full load at Martlesham Heath, bomb load explodes, pilot killed.[43]

1919

  • 4 February - First of three Bristol F.2C Badger prototypes suffers crash landing when its 320 hp (240 kW) ABC Dragonfly I nine-cylinder radial engine fails during the type's first take-off. Aircraft is subsequently rebuilt and flown.[44]
  • 9 April - Second of only two Bristol M.R.1 metal-covered, two-seat biplanes built, A5178, flown by Capt. Barnwell, strikes pine tree on approach to RAE Farnborough's North Gate and is written off.[45]
  • 26 May - Monstrous Royal Flying Corps three-wing, six-engine Tarrant Tabor bomber, F1765, attempts first flight at Royal Aircraft Establishment, Farnborough, noses over on lift-off, forward fuselage crushed back to the wing, both crew, Capts. F. G. Dunn and P. T. Rawlings killed. No second prototype is ever built.
  • July - Three-engine bomber, designed by Juan de la Cierva, reminiscent of the German Gotha, is destroyed on its first flight when it stalls close to the ground. Pilot, Capt. Julio Rios Argiieso, is shaken up but survives.
  • 2 July - U.S. Navy blimp C-8 explodes while landing at Camp Holabird, Maryland, injuring ~80 adults and children who were watching it. Windows in homes a mile away are shattered by the blast. [46] [47]
  • 15 July - Royal Navy airship NS-11 burns over the North Sea off Norfolk, England, killing twelve.[48][49]
  • Summer - Sole flying prototype of Curtiss 18-B two-bay biplane version of 18-T triplane trainer, USAAS 40058, 'P-86', crashes early in flight trials at McCook Field, Dayton, Ohio. Type not ordered into production. One non-flying prototype also delivered for static testing.[50]
  • 8 October - During the first (and only) transcontinental reliability and endurance test, an air race between Roosevelt Field, Long Island, New York and the Presidio of San Francisco, California, Brig. Gen. Lionel E. O. Charlton, Royal Air Force, the British Air Attaché, hits a fence during a forced landing near Ithaca, New York in his Bristol Fighter, 2nd Lt. George C. McDonald hits a ditch when engine trouble in his unspecified type (probably a de Havilland) forces him down at Plymouth, Pennsylvania, and 1st Lt. D. B. Gish's DH-4 catches fire over Livingston County in western New York state, and he makes an emergency landing. Neither he, nor his passenger, Capt. Paul de la Vergne of the French air service and French Air Attaché, are injured, but the plane is written-off. A forced landing kills Sgt. W. H. Nevitt when the Liberty motor of the DH-4 piloted by Col. Gerald C. Brant fails after an oil line breaks. Plane plunges to the ground near Deposit, New York when power is lost on landing, killing Nevitt and injuring Brant. Of entrants flying from the Presidio to New York, one de Havilland DH-4B crashes attempting to land at Salt Lake City, Utah, killing pilot Maj. Dana H. Crissy, commander of Mather Field, California, and his mechanic, SFC Virgil Thomas.[51] The flying field at the Presidio is subsequently named Crissy Field.
  • 9 October - Continuing the cross-country contest, a DH-4 hits the side of a mountain W of Cheyenne, Wyoming, killing 1st Lt. Edwin V. Vales and badly injuring 2nd Lt. William C. Goldsborough.[51] Lt. A. M. Roberts and his observer survive a close call when, in an effort to make up for lost time, Roberts chooses the direct route, over Lake Erie, between Buffalo and Cleveland. His engine fails, and he has to ditch in the lake. Luckily, a passing freighter sees the crash and picks up the two men.[52]
  • 10 October - On third day of transcontinental contest, an east-bound DH-4, piloted by Maj. Albert Sneed, almost out of gas, makes fast landing at Buffalo, New York. Passenger Sgt. Worth C. McClure undoes his seatbelt and slides onto the rear fuselage to weight down the tail for a quicker stop. Plane bounces on landing, smashes nose-first into the ground, and McClure is thrown off and killed.[51]
  • 15 October - Two more fatalities are recorded in the transcontinental endurance test when 2nd Lts. French Kirby and Stanley C. Miller die in an emergency landing in their DH-4 near the Wyoming-Utah border when they suffer engine failure near Evanston, Wyoming. During the two-week test, 54 accidents wreck or damage planes. Twenty-nine result from motor trouble, 16 from bad landings, 5 from poor weather, 2 when pilots lose their way, 1 in take-off, and 1 by fire. In 42 cases the accident meant the end of the race for the pilot. Seven fatalities occur during the race, one in a de Havilland DH-4B, the others in DH-4s.[51] Lt. John Owen Donaldson was awarded the Mackay Gold Medal for taking first place in the Army's only transcontinental air race. [53] Donaldson Air Force Base, South Carolina, would be eventually named for the Great War ace (eight credited victories).

1920

1921

  • 23 March - In an all-night training flight, a U.S. Navy free balloon launches from NAS Pensacola, Florida, with five crew and drifts over the Gulf of Mexico. Two messages received by pigeon indicate it first is 20 miles from St. Andrews Bay, then that all ballast had been dropped and that it was at 100 feet and descending. Nothing is ever found of the balloon or Chief Quartermaster E.W. Wilkinson, enlisted men R.V. Wyland, E.L. Kershaw, and J.P. Elder, and Marine Corps member W.H. Tressey.[58]
    Rescuers scramble across the wreckage of British R-38/USN ZR-2 airship, 24 August 1921.
  • 28 May - Seven men, five of the Army and two civilians, were killed in the wreck of an Army Curtiss Eagle ambulance airplane near Indian Head, Maryland, 40 miles southeast of Washington, in a terrific wind and electrical storm. The dead were: Lieutenant Colonel Archie Miller, U.S.A., M.H., Washington, D.C.; Maurice Connolly of Dubuque, Iowa, formerly a member of the United States House of Representatives; A.G. Batchelder of Washington, chairman of the Board of the American Automobile Association; Lieutenant Stanley M. Ames of Washington, pilot of the wrecked plane; Lieutenant Cleveland M. McDermott, Langley Field, Virginia; Lieutenant John M. Pennewill, Langley Field, Virginia; and Sergeant Mechanic Richard Blumenkranz, Washington. Army Air Service officers said the accident was the worst in the history of aviation in the United States and that it was one of the few in which all of the passengers in a falling plane had been killed almost instantly. The ship struck the ground nose first and the impact was so great that the big 400-horsepower Liberty motor in the front end of the craft was torn from its chassis and thrown back into the cockpit on top of the pilot and the passengers. All the bodies were mutilated. The Curtiss-Eagle was returning from a trip to Langley Field, near Newport News, Virginia, and had just crossed the Potomac River, when it ran into the storm which had passed over Washington an hour before.[59]
  • 7 July - US Navy Airship C-3 burns at Naval Air Station Hampton Roads, Norfolk, Va.[60]
  • 12 July - Major Sheldon Harley Wheeler is killed in the crash of DH-4B, AS-63525 [61], on take off from Luke Field, Ford Island, Oahu, Hawaiian Islands. He was commander of Luke Field at the time of his death. In February 1922 construction began on a new airfield in the Wahiawa District of the Island and on 11 November it was named Wheeler Field in his honor.
  • 19 July - USAAS pilot 1st Lt. Willard S. Clark is killed at Ellington Field, Texas, when his Orenco D enters a spin at low altitude and plunges to the ground. All aircraft manufactured in this batch are grounded.[62]
  • 24 August - The British airship R38 (ZR-2) due to be delivered to the United States Navy as the ZR-2, broke in two on a test flight near Hull, England, half falling to the ground in flames. 44 died, including British Air Commodore E.M. Maitland, Leader of Airships, and 16 Americans.[2][58]
  • 31 August - U.S. Navy airship D-6, A5972, with a C-type envelope built by Goodyear in 1920 and a special enclosed car built by the Naval Aircraft Factory, is destroyed [63] in the Naval Air Station Rockaway hangar fire[64] along with two small dirigibles, the C-10 and the Goodyear airship H-1, A5973, the sole H-model, a powered two-seat observation balloon built along the lines of the commercial Goodyear "Pony Blimp", [65] and the kite balloon A-P.
  • 29 September (Joe Baugher cites date of 28 September) - First Orenco D manufactured by Curtiss, 63281, McCook Project Number 'P163', loses entire leading edge of its upper wing, crashing at McCook Field, Ohio. An investigation by an officer of the flying test section of the USAAS Engineering Division reveals that the Orenco Ds are badly constructed, no fewer than 30 defects and faulty fittings being recorded in the published report, forcing the Air Service to withdraw all Orenco Ds from use.[62]
  • 28 December - Second Lieutenant Samuel Howard Davis (1896–1921) is killed in the crash of Curtiss JN-6HG-1 (possibly USAAS serial 44796, seen wrecked at Carlstrom AAF, date unknown)[66] in which he was a passenger, at Carlstrom Field, Arcadia, Florida. Davis-Monthan Landing Field, later Davis-Monthan Air Force Base, Tucson, Arizona, is named in part for him, 1 November 1925. He attended high school in that community.[5]

1922

  • 21 February - U.S. Army semi-rigid (blimp with a keel) Roma, bought from Italy, formerly T34, suffers control box failure at stern in flight, nosed into the ground, struck power lines at Army supply base, Norfolk, Virginia, and burst into flames, killing 34 of 45 on board, including Capt. Dale Mabry, its commander. This would remain the worst American aviation accident until the loss of the USS Akron in 1933.[58]
    22 February 1922 Langley Field base newspaper extra edition about the Roma Tragedy
    Accident spurs American lighter-than-air operations to switch to helium, less buoyant than hydrogen, but non-inflammable. Dale Mabry Municipal Airport in Tallahassee, Florida, that city's first airport, was named after him. Mabry was a Tallahassee native.
  • 21 February - U.S. Marine Corps Naval Aircraft Factory F-5-L, A-3591, of VS-1M, crashed during a night flight, this date. [67]
  • June - Sole prototype of the Royal Air Force Vickers Valentia flying boat, N124, which was constructed between 1918 and 1921, and completed by S.E. Saunders of Cowes, Isle of Wight, crashes and is written off.[68]
  • October - Hangar fire at Martlesham Heath, Great Britain, destroys a number of captured aircraft from the Great War.
  • 17 October - U.S. Army's largest blimp, C-2, catches fire shortly after being removed from its hanger at Brooks Field, San Antonio, Texas for a flight. Seven of eight crew aboard are injured, mostly in jumping from the craft. This accident was made the occasion for official announcement by the Army and the Navy that the use of hydrogen would be abandoned "as speedily as possible."[69]
  • 22 October: 1st Lt. Harold Ross Harris (1897-1988) becomes the first member of the U.S. Army Air Service to save his life by parachute, when the Loening PW-2A, (probably AS-64388), he is testing out of McCook Field, Ohio, suffers vibration, loses part of left wing or aileron, so he parts company with the airframe, landing safely.[51] Another source gives the date as 20 October.[2] McCook Field personnel create the "Caterpiller Club" for those whose lives are saved by parachute bail-out with Harris the plank-holding member.
  • 11 November - 1st Lt. Frank B. Tyndall is the second U.S. Army Air Service pilot to utilize a parachute in a life-saving effort when the Boeing-built MB-3A, (probably AS-68380) he is testing at Seattle, Washington sheds its wings in flight almost directly over the Boeing factory.[51] He would later perish on 15 July 1930 in the crash of P-1F Hawk, 28-61, near Mooresville, North Carolina. Tyndall Air Force Base is named in his honor.
  • 7 December - de Havilland DH-4B, AS-63780, departs Rockwell Field, San Diego, California at 0905 hrs. bound for Fort Huachuca, Arizona, piloted by 1st Lt. Charles L. Webber with Col. Francis C. Marshall aboard for an inspection trip of cavalry posts and camps. When plane never arrives, one of the largest man-hunts in Air Service history is mounted but when search is finally given up on 23 February 1923 nothing had been found. Wreckage is eventually discovered 12 May 1923 by a man hunting stray cattle in the mountains. Flight apparently hit Cuyamaca Peak just a few miles east of San Diego in fog within thirty minutes of departure.[51]

1923

  • 5 March - Martin GMT (Glenn Martin Transatlantic), USAAS 62949, McCook Field project code 'P-87', loses power on one of two Liberty engines while en route to Chanute Field, Illinois, is unable to stay aloft on one only, crashes. Pilot Maj. Bradley escapes injury, but Lt. Stanley Smith is fatally injured.[70]
  • 31 July - RAF Bristol F.2B, E2431, crashes at RAF (Cadet) College, Cranwell, when it stalls during landing. Aircraft was marked incorrectly 1342E.[71]
  • 23 September - 1st Lts. Robert S. Olmsted and John W. Shoptaw enter U.S. Army balloon S-6 in international balloon race from Brussels, despite threatening weather which causes some competitors to drop out. S-6 collides with Belgian balloon, Ville de Bruxelles on launch, tearing that craft's netting and knocking it out of the race. Lightning strikes S-6 over Nistelrode, Holland, killing Olmsted outright, and Shoptaw in the fall. Switzerland's Génève is also hit, burns, killing two on board, as is Spain's Polar, killing one crew immediately, second crewman jumps from 100 feet, breaking both legs. Three other balloons are also forced down.[51][58] Middletown Air Depot, Pennsylvania, was later renamed Olmsted AFB.
  • 23 November - First of only three Bristol Jupiter Fighters, essentially adaptations of the Bristol F.2B airframe converted with 425 hp (317 kW) Bristol Jupiter IV engines and oleo-type undercarriage, crashes due to an engine seizure at high altitude. Second conversion was sold to Sweden in May 1924, and third was converted to a dual-control trainer.[72]
  • 30 November - Second of two prototypes of the Short Springbok Mk. I, J6975, crashes near Martlesham when it spins in shortly after take off, killing the pilot. Cause is diagnosed as rudder blanking during spinning and a new wing design is prepared for the Springbok Mk. II, of which six examples - later reduced to three - are ordered in 1924. [73]

1924

  • 21 March - Martin GMB (Glenn Martin Bomber), USAAS 64308, ex-Post Office (possibly 202), ends cross-country flight to Parris Island, South Carolina, noses over when it hits unmarked ditch on the airfield. Pilot 1st Lt. (later Lieutenant General) Harold L. George reported later that "I also remember being told that it (Parris Island) was an exceptional landing field. It was except that the information had failed to inform me that the Marines had dug a trench across the field. This was not indicated by markers, or in any other way. I didn't know the trench was there until we stopped quickly."[70] Airframe had only logged 99 hours when it was written off.
  • 27 March - British-born 2nd Lt. Oscar Monthan (1885–1924) is killed when his Martin NBS-1 bomber, AS-68448, of the 5th Composite Group, fails to clear baseball field backstop on takeoff from Luke Field, Ford Island, Oahu, Hawaiian Islands. Davis-Monthan Landing Field, later Davis-Monthan Air Force Base, Tucson, Arizona, is named in part for him, 1 November 1925. He attended high school in that community.[5]

See also

External links

References

  1. ^ http://query.nytimes.com/mem/archive-free/pdf?_r=1&res=9C0CE2DB103DE433A25756C0A9619C94649ED7CF
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z Baker, David, "Flight and Flying: A Chronology", Facts On File, Inc., New York, New York, 1994, Library of Congress card number 92-31491, ISBN 0-8160-1854-5, page 32. Cite error: The named reference "Baker" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  3. ^ Gunston, Bill, OBE, "90 Years of UK Powered Flight", AIR International, Stamford, Lincs, UK, November 1998, Volume 55, Number 5, page 306.
  4. ^ http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1909/1909%20-%200782.html?search=crash
  5. ^ a b c Mueller, Robert, "Air Force Bases Volume 1: Active Air Force Bases Within the United States of America on 17 September 1982", United States Air Force Historical Research Center, Office of Air Force History, Washington, D.C., 1989, ISBN 0-912799-53-6, page 267. Cite error: The named reference "Mueller" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  6. ^ Hobbs, David, "Wait and See - The Origins of British Naval Aviation", Air Enthusiast, Stamford, Lincs., UK, Number 131, September-October 2007, page 4.
  7. ^ "Two Airmen Are Killed, Lieut. L. W. Hazelhurst and A. L. Welch the Victims". Chattanooga Daily Times. June 12, 1912. Retrieved 2009-09-05. Lieut. Hazelhurst is the third army officer to die in an aeroplane plunge. Lieut. Thomas E. Selfridge met death in a machine that fell with him and Orville Wright at Ft. Meyer, Virginia, in September 1908, and Lieut. G. E. M. Kelly received a fatal fall on an army aviation field at San Antonio, Tex., last year.
  8. ^ "Lieut. Hazelhurst and Al Welsh, Professional Aviator, Victims of Airship Test". New York Times. June 12, 1912. Retrieved 2009-09-04. Lieut. Leighton W. Hazelhurst, Jr., of the Seventeenth Infantry, one of the most promising of the younger aviators of the army, and Al Welsh, one of the most daring professional aviators in America, were instantly killed in a flight at the Army Aviation School at College Park, Maryland, at 6:30 o'clock this evening. {{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  9. ^ Launius, Roger D.; and Bednarek, Janet Rose Daly. "Reconsidering a century of flight", p. 160, University of North Carolina Press, 2003, ISBN 0807854883. Accessed September 5, 2009.
  10. ^ a b "Lieut. Hazelhurst and Al Welsh, Professional Aviator, Victims of Airship Test". The New York Times. June 12, 1912. Retrieved 2009-09-04. Lieut. Leighton W. Hazelhurst, Jr., of the Seventeenth Infantry, one of the most promising of the younger aviators of the army, and Al Welsh, one of the most daring professional aviators in America, were instantly killed in a flight at the Army Aviation School at College Park, Maryland, at 6:30 o'clock this evening. {{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  11. ^ Thum, Robert. "The first Jewish aviator", The Dayton Jewish Observer, 2003. Accessed August 5, 2009.
  12. ^ http://query.nytimes.com/mem/archive-free/pdf?res=9D04E2D61F31E233A25755C0A9619C946396D6CF
  13. ^ http://www.rafmuseum.org.uk/research/documents/Journal%2016%20-%20Seminar%20-%20Air%20Leadership%20in%20War.pdf
  14. ^ "Dallas Love Field History". Accessed February 26, 2010
  15. ^ New York Tribune October 14, 1913
  16. ^ Cooper, Peter J., "Picking up the Pieces", AIR International, Stamford, Lincs., UK, November 1998, Volume 55, Number 5, page 280.
  17. ^ Mason, Francis K., "The British Fighter since 1912", Naval Institute Press, Annapolis, Maryland, 1992, Library of Congress card number 92-63026, ISBN 1-55750-082-7, page 28.
  18. ^ a b c Mikesh, Robert C., and Abe, Shorzoe, "Japanese Aircraft 1910-1941", Naval Institute Press, Annapolis, Maryland, 1990, ISBN 1-55750-563-2, pages 49-50. Cite error: The named reference "Mikesh" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  19. ^ Bruce, J.M., "War Planes of the First World War, Fighters, Volume Two", Doubleday & Company Inc., Garden City, New York, 1968, Library of Congress card number 65-25323, page 72.
  20. ^ Whitford, Ray, "Fundamentals of Fighter Design, Part 12 - Armament & Tactics 1", AIR International, Stamford, Lincs, UK, January 1998, Volume 54, Number 1, page 49.
  21. ^ Westburg, Peter, "Deadly D-VIII", Wings, Granada Hills, California, April 1979, Volume 9, Number 2, page 43.
  22. ^ Postma, Thijs, "Fokker - Aircraft Builders to the World", Jane's Incorporated, New York, New York, 1980, ISBN 0-531-03708-0, page 32, translation from Dutch, "Fokker bouwer aan de wereldluchtvaart", Uniebock bv Bussum, 1979.
  23. ^ Abbott, Dan S., and Grosz, Peter M. "The Benighted Rolands", Air Enthusiast Quarterly, Bromley, Kent., UK, Volume 3, 1976, pages 39-40.
  24. ^ Bruce, J.M., "War Planes of the First World War, Fighters, Volume One", Doubleday & Company Inc., Garden City, New York, 1965, Library of Congress card number 65-25323, page 38.
  25. ^ Green, William, and Swanborough, Gordon, "Fighter A To Z", AIR International, Bromley, Kent, UK, April 1978, Volume 14, Number 4, page 201.
  26. ^ Bruce, J.M., "War Planes of the First World War, Fighters, Volume Two", Doubleday & Company Inc., Garden City, New York, 1968, Library of Congress card number 65-25323, page 78.
  27. ^ London, UK: Aeroplane, Maynard, John, "Think of the Risks...", March 2006, Volume 34, Number 3, No. 395, page 31.
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  29. ^ Bruce, J.M., "Sopwith's Pedigree Pup", Air Enthusiast Quarterly, Bromley, Kent., UK, Volume 4, 1976, pages 204.
  30. ^ Bruce, J.M., "War Planes of the First World War, Fighters, Volume Three", Doubleday & Company Inc., Garden City, New York, 1969, Library of Congress card number 65-25323, pages 127-128.
  31. ^ Connors, John F., "The 11th Hour Sopwiths", Wings, Granada Hills, California, February 1976, Volume 6, Number 1, pages13-14.
  32. ^ Bruce, J.M., "War Planes of the First World War, Fighters, Volume Three", Doubleday & Company Inc., Garden City, New York, 1969, Library of Congress card number 65-25323, page 21.
  33. ^ Green, William, and Swanborough, Gordon, "Fighter A To Z", AIR International, Bromley, Kent, UK, January 1976, Volume 10, Number 1, pages 33-34.
  34. ^ http://home.att.net/~jbaugher/1908-1920.html
  35. ^ Bruce, J.M., "War Planes of the First World War, Fighters, Volume One", Doubleday & Company Inc., Garden City, New York, 1965, Library of Congress card number 65-25323, page 171.
  36. ^ Green, William, and Swanborough, Gordon, "Fighter A To Z", AIR International, Bromley, Kent, UK, September 1974, Volume 7, Number 3, page 152.
  37. ^ Bruce, Jack M., "Spad Story", AIR International, Bromley, Kent, UK, May 1976, Volume 10, Number 5, page 242.
  38. ^ Bruce, Jack M., "The First British Armoured Brigade", AIR International, Bromley, Kent, UK, April 1979, Volume 16, Number 4, page 185.
  39. ^ Thompson, Jim, "Flight of the Atlantic", Air Classics, April 2007, Volume 43, Number 4, page 43.
  40. ^ Bruce, Jack M., "The First British Armoured Brigade", AIR International, Bromley, Kent, UK, April 1979, Volume 16, Number 4, page 186.
  41. ^ Connors, John F., "Fokker's Flying Razors", Wings, Granada Hills, California, August 1974, Volume 4, Number 4, pages 45, 48.
  42. ^ Jane's Fighting Aircraft of World War I, Military Press, New York, 1990, page 148, ISBN 0-517-03376-3.
  43. ^ Kightly, James, "Aeroplane examines the... Vickers Vimy", Aeroplane, London, UK, Number 434, Volume 37, Number 6, page 68.
  44. ^ Green, William, and Swanborough, Gordon, "Fighter A To Z", AIR International, Bromley, Kent, UK, December 1974, Volume 7, Number 6, page 302.
  45. ^ Bruce, J.M., "War Planes of the First World War, Fighters, Volume One", Doubleday & Company Inc., Garden City, New York, 1965, Library of Congress card number 65-25323, page 110.
  46. ^ http://www.hsobc.org/Documents/BC%20Timeline.pdf
  47. ^ http://books.google.com/books?id=2u0bAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA2&lpg=PA2&dq=Winkler+dirigible&source=bl&ots=pgdeuJ4Ggh&sig=NxSU2MnUDsIm-g-eopIlFcHibHA
  48. ^ The New York Times, July 16, 1919, Wednesday, Page 1, British Airship Burns with Crew; Twelve Lost When the NS-11 Falls Flaming Into the North Sea.
  49. ^ The New York Times, July 27, 1919, Sunday, Editorial, Page 39, Helium for Flying; Noninflammable Gas May Yet Be Produced in Quantities and at a Cost Suited for Dirigibles.
  50. ^ Green, William, and Swanborough, Gordon, "Fighter A To Z", AIR International, Bromley, Kent, UK, February 1976, Volume 10, Number 2, page 98.
  51. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Maurer Maurer, "Aviation in the U.S. Army, 1919-1939", United States Air Force Historical Research Center, Office of Air Force History, Washington, D.C., 1987, ISBN 0-912799-38-2, page 31. Cite error: The named reference "Maurer" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  52. ^ http://www.earlyaviators.com/emitche1.htm
  53. ^ The National Cyclopedia of American Biography, vol. XXIV, p. 226.
  54. ^ Mason, Francis K., "The British Fighter since 1912", Naval Institute Press, Annapolis, Maryland, 1992, Library of Congress card number 92-63026, ISBN 1-55750-082-7, page 146.
  55. ^ Swanborough, Gordon, and Bowers, Peter M., "United States Navy Aircraft since 1911", Naval Institute Press, Annapolis, Maryland, 1976, Library of Congress card number 90-60097, ISBN 0-87021-792-5, pages 573-574.
  56. ^ A Brief History of the Wingfoot Lake Airship Base
  57. ^ http://www.historicmarkers.com/component/content/article/1331-montgomery/65961-lt-william-c-maxwell
  58. ^ a b c d Vaeth, J. Gordon, "They Sailed the Skies: U.S. Navy Balloons and the Airship Program", Naval Institute Press, Annapolis, Maryland, 2005, ISBN 1-59114-914-2, page 13. Cite error: The named reference "Vaeth" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  59. ^ The New York Times, May 30, 1921, Monday, Page 1, BIG CURTISS-EAGLE FALLS; Driven to Ground Near Indian Head by Terrific Wind. EXACT CAUSE IS UNKNOWN None of Passengers and Crew Survives--Witnesses Unable to Discern the Trouble. ARCHIE MILLER IS KILLED Noted Soldier, Maurice Connolly and A.G. Batchelder Are Among the Victims.
  60. ^ The New York Times, July 8, 1921, Friday, Page 1, Big Navy Dirigible Burned in Flight; Flames Destroy the C-3 at Hampton Roads
  61. ^ http://www.aviationarchaeology.com/src/1940sB4/1921.htm
  62. ^ a b Pelletier, Alain J., "Made in America - Thomas-Morse MB-3 And Boeing MB-3A", Air Enthusiast, Stamford, Lincs, UK, Number 131, September-October 2007, page 50.
  63. ^ Swanborough, Gordon, and Bowers, Peter M., "United States Navy Aircraft since 1911", Naval Institute Press, Annapolis, Maryland, 1976, Library of Congress card number 90-60097, ISBN 0-87021-792-5, page 574.
  64. ^ NY Times Sept. 1, 1921, Page 2, Biggest Navy Blimp Burns with 3 More
  65. ^ Swanborough, Gordon, and Bowers, Peter M., "United States Navy Aircraft since 1911", Naval Institute Press, Annapolis, Maryland, 1976, Library of Congress card number 90-60097, ISBN 0-87021-792-5, page 575.
  66. ^ 1908-1921 USAAS Serial Numbers
  67. ^ Larkins, William T., "U.S. Marine Corps Aircraft 1914-1959", Orion Books, New York, 1988, Library of Congress card no. 88-17753, ISBN 0-517-56920-5, page 9.
  68. ^ Wixey, Ken, "Flying Boats of the RAF: 1920s 'One-offs' ", FlyPast No. 106, Stamford, Lincs., UK, May 1990, page 68.
  69. ^ Roseberry, C. R., "The Challenging Skies - The Colorful Story of Aviation's Most Exciting Years, 1919-1939", Doubleday & Company, Inc., Garden City, New York, 1966, Library of Congress card number 66-20929, page 347.
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  73. ^ Mason, Francis K., "The British Fighter since 1912", Naval Institute Press, Annapolis, Maryland, 1992, Library of Congress card number 92-63026, ISBN 1-55750-082-7, page 160.
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