Wikipedia:Vital articles/Level/4/Biology and health sciences

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Vital articles is a list of subjects for which Wikipedia should have correspondingly high-quality articles. It serves as a centralized watchlist to track the status of Wikipedia's most essential articles. This is one of eleven Level 4 sub-lists of ten thousand articles and is currently under construction.

Article in the Vital list have their assessment labelled as:

• Featured articles
• Former featured articles
• A-class articles
• Good articles
• Delisted good articles
• Failed good article nominees
• B-class articles
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• Stub-class articles
• List-class articles
• Unassessed articles

The progress bar is auto-updated via category count, and the symbols and article counts are updated daily by User:cewbot. Please read the FAQ before modifying the article list.

This list is tailored to the English-language Wikipedia. There is also a list of ten thousand articles considered vital to Wikipedias of all languages.

For more information on this list and the process for adding articles (please see the Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ) page.

Biology and health sciences (1,480 articles)

Basics (43 articles)

1. Life (Level 1)
   1. Death (Level 2)
      1. Suicide (Level 3)
   2. Abiogenesis (Level 3)
   3. Organism (Level 3)
      1. Model organism
2. Biology (Level 2)
   1. Microbiology
   2. Mycology
3. Biomechanics
4. Genetics (Level 3)
   1. Gene (Level 3)
   2. Genetic code
   3. Gene expression
   4. Heredity (Level 3)
   5. Epigenetics
   6. Human genome
   7. Hybrid
   8. Mendelian inheritance
5. Evolution (Level 2)
   1. Natural selection (Level 3)
   2. Adaptation
   3. Genetic drift
   4. History of life
   5. Mutation
6. Human evolution (Level 3)
   1. Australopithecus
   2. Homo habilis
   3. Homo erectus
   4. Early European modern humans
   5. Denisovan
   6. Neanderthal
   7. Paranthropus
7. Neuroscience
   1. Sense (Level 3)
8. Paleontology (Level 3)
   1. Fossil
9. Phylogenetics
   1. Binomial nomenclature
   2. Taxonomy (Level 3)
      1. Domain
      2. Kingdom
      3. Species (Level 3)

Anatomy and morphology (121 articles)

Basics (5 articles)

1. Anatomy (Level 2)
2. Dissection
3. Organ
4. Tissue
5. Sexual dimorphism

Animal (94 articles)

General (9 articles)

1. Endocrine system
   1. Adrenal gland
   2. Thyroid
2. Immune system (Level 3)
   1. Antibody
3. Abdomen
4. Head
5. Thorax
6. Venom

Circulatory system (10 articles)

1. Circulatory system (Level 3)
2. Artery
3. Blood (Level 3)
   1. Red blood cell
   2. White blood cell
4. Capillary
5. Heart (Level 3)
6. Lymphatic system
7. Spleen
8. Vein

Digestive system (7 articles)

1. Mouth
2. Esophagus
3. Stomach
4. Small intestine
5. Large intestine
6. Liver (Level 3)
7. Pancreas

Muscular system (4 articles)

1. Muscular system
2. Muscle cell
3. Sarcomere
4. Skeletal muscle (Level 3)

Nervous system (25 articles)

1. Nervous system (Level 3)
   1. Central nervous system
   2. Peripheral nervous system
2. Brain (Level 3)
   1. Brainstem
   2. Cerebellum
   3. Cerebral cortex
   4. Cerebrum
   5. Neuron
3. Spinal cord
4. Sensory nervous system
5. Auditory system
   1. Ear (Level 3)
   2. Hearing
6. Taste
   1. Tongue
7. Olfactory system
   1. Nose
   2. Sense of smell
8. Somatosensory system
   1. Pain
9. Visual system
   1. Eye (Level 3)
   2. Visual perception
      1. Color vision

Integumentary system (9 articles)

1. Integumentary system
2. Breast
3. Feather
4. Fingerprint
5. Fur
6. Hair
7. Nail (anatomy)
8. Scale (anatomy)
9. Skin (Level 3)

Reproductive system (11 articles)

1. Reproductive system
   1. Female reproductive system
   2. Male reproductive system
2. Sex organ
   1. Clitoris
   2. Ovary
   3. Penis
   4. Placenta
   5. Testicle
   6. Uterus
   7. Vagina

Respiratory system (3 articles)

1. Respiratory system
2. Gill
3. Lung (Level 3)

Skeletal system (7 articles)

1. Skeleton (Level 3)
2. Bone (Level 3)
3. Jaw
4. Joint
5. Pelvis
6. Skull
7. Vertebral column

Urinary system (3 articles)

1. Bladder
2. Kidney
3. Urinary system

Tissues (6 articles)

1. Connective tissue
   1. Cartilage
   2. Tendon
2. Epithelium
3. Muscle
4. Nervous tissue

Plant (20 articles)

General (12 articles)

1. Plant anatomy
2. Plant morphology
3. Flower (Level 3)
4. Fruit (Level 3)
   1. Berry
   2. Nut
5. Leaf
6. Root
7. Stoma
8. Seed (Level 3)
9. Shrub
10. Tree (Level 3)

Plant stem (3 articles)

1. Plant stem
2. Bark
3. Trunk

Plant tissues (5 articles)

1. Epidermis
2. Ground tissue
3. Meristem
4. Vascular tissue
5. Vascular cambium

Fungus (2 articles)

1. Hypha
2. Mycelium

Biochemistry and molecular biology (42 articles)

1. Biochemistry (Level 3)
2. Chemical biology
3. Molecular biology (Level 3)
4. Biomolecule
5. Alkaloid
   1. Caffeine
   2. Cocaine
   3. Morphine
   4. Nicotine
6. Biological pigment
   1. Carotenoid
   2. Chlorophyll
   3. Melanin
7. Carbohydrate (Level 3)
   1. Sugars
      1. Fructose
      2. Glucose
      3. Lactose
   2. Polysaccharides
      1. Cellulose
      2. Chitin
      3. Glycogen
      4. Starch
8. Hormone (Level 3)
   1. Dopamine
   2. Adrenaline
   3. Estrogen
   4. Insulin
   5. Oxytocin
   6. Plant hormone
   7. Testosterone
9. Lipid (Level 3)
   1. Steroid
      1. Cholesterol
   2. Fat
   3. Fatty acid
10. Nucleic acid
    1. DNA (Level 3)
    2. RNA (Level 3)
11. Protein (Level 3)
    1. Amino acid
    2. Enzyme
    3. Hemoglobin
    4. Protein (nutrient)

Biological processes and physiology (47 articles)

Basics (10 articles)

1. Blood sugar level
2. Circadian rhythm
3. Digestion (Level 3)
4. Excretion
5. Metabolism (Level 3)
6. Muscle contraction
7. Photosynthesis (Level 3)
8. Respiration
9. Thermoregulation
10. Transpiration

Biological reproduction (8 articles)

1. Reproduction (Level 3)
2. Asexual reproduction
3. Sexual reproduction
   1. Sex (Level 3)
   2. Female
   3. Male
4. Microbial cyst
5. Spore

Animal reproduction (7 articles)

1. Birth
2. Egg
3. Menstrual cycle
4. Menopause
5. Pregnancy (Level 3)
6. Semen
7. Sperm

Plant reproduction (7 articles)

1. Plant reproduction
2. Alternation of generations
3. Gametophyte
4. Plant reproductive morphology
5. Pollen
6. Pollination
7. Sporophyte

Development (2 articles)

1. Developmental biology
2. Development of the human body

Animal ontogeny (13 articles)

1. Cuticle
2. Embryo
3. Fetus
4. Imago
5. Larva
6. Longevity
7. Metamorphosis
8. Moulting
9. Nymph
10. Ontogeny
11. Puberty
12. Pupa
13. Tadpole

Botany (5 articles)

1. Botany (Level 3)
2. Plant (Level 2)
   1. Carnivorous plant
   2. Flowering plant
   3. Weed

Cell biology (36 articles)

General (1 article)

1. Cell biology

Cell processes (10 articles)

1. Active transport
2. Cell signaling
3. Cellular respiration
   1. Glycolysis
4. DNA replication
5. Fermentation
6. Programmed cell death
7. Stem cell
8. Transcription
9. Translation (biology)

Cellular division (5 articles)

1. Cell cycle
2. Fission
3. Meiosis
4. Mitosis
5. Plasmid

Cell parts (6 articles)

1. Cell (Level 2)
2. Cell membrane
3. Cytoplasm
4. Cytoskeleton
5. Flagellum
6. Symbiogenesis

Organelles (10 articles)

1. Organelle
2. Cell nucleus
   1. Chromosome
3. Centriole
4. Endoplasmic reticulum
5. Golgi apparatus
6. Lysosome
7. Mitochondrion
8. Ribosome
9. Vacuole

Plant cells (4 articles)

1. Plant cell
2. Cell wall
3. Chloroplast
4. Plastid

Ecology (17 articles)

1. Ecology (Level 2)
2. Biodiversity (Level 3)
3. Biome
4. Biosphere
5. Competition (biology)
6. Ecological niche
7. Ecosystem (Level 3)
8. Endangered species
9. Extinction (Level 3)
10. Extremophile
11. Habitat
12. Invasive species
13. Parasitism
14. Population
15. Sustainability
16. Symbiosis
17. Wildlife conservation

Zoology (18 articles)

General (4 articles)

1. Zoology (Level 3)
2. Animal (Level 2)
3. Animal coloration
   1. Camouflage

Ethology (14 articles)

1. Ethology
2. Intelligence (Level 3)
3. Sleep (Level 3)
   1. Hibernation
4. Animal locomotion
   1. Bipedalism
5. Animal migration
6. Carnivore
   1. Predation
   2. Scavenger
7. Herbivore
   1. Grazing
8. Instinct
9. Sociality

Organisms (870 articles)

Animals (567 articles)

General classification (8 articles)

1. Arthropod (Level 3)
2. Bilateria
3. Chordate
   1. Craniate
   2. Vertebrate
4. Gnathostomata
5. Invertebrate
6. Tetrapod

Cnidarians (3 articles)

1. Cnidaria
2. Coral
3. Jellyfish

Echinoderms (4 articles)

1. Echinoderm
2. Sea cucumber
3. Sea urchin
4. Starfish

Mollusks (10 articles)

1. Mollusca (Level 3)
2. Clam
   1. Mussel
   2. Oyster
   3. Scallop
3. Octopus
4. Squid
5. Conch
6. Slug
   1. Snail

Porifera (1 article)

1. Sponge

Arachnids (7 articles)

1. Acari
2. Arachnid
3. Pseudoscorpion
4. Scorpion
5. Spider
   1. Tarantula
6. Tick

Crustaceans (10 articles)

1. Crustacean (Level 3)
2. Astacus astacus
3. Crab
4. Decapoda
5. Krill
6. Lobster
7. Malacostraca
8. Ostracod
9. Shrimp
10. Woodlouse

Insects (59 articles)

1. Insect (Level 3)
   1. Pterygota
2. Cockroach
3. Earwig
4. Flea
5. Louse
   1. Body louse
6. Mantis
7. Phasmatodea
8. Termite

Beetles (Coleoptera) (5 articles)

1. Beetle
2. Coccinellidae
3. Dung beetle
4. Firefly
5. Weevil

Flies (Diptera) (10 articles)

1. Fly
2. Common fruit fly
3. Black fly
4. Botfly
5. Crane fly
6. Calliphoridae
7. Tabanidae
8. Housefly
9. Mosquito
10. Tsetse fly

Hemiptera (true bugs) (7 articles)

1. Hemiptera
2. Cicada
3. Bed bug
4. Leafhopper
5. Aphid
6. Scale insect
7. Whitefly

Hymenoptera (10 articles)

1. Hymenoptera
2. Ant
   1. Fire ant
   2. Carpenter ant
3. Bee
   1. Bumblebee
   2. Africanized bee
   3. Western honey bee
4. Wasp
   1. Hornet

Lepidoptera (8 articles)

1. Lepidoptera
2. Butterfly
3. Bombyx mori
4. Geometer moth
5. Lymantria dispar dispar
6. Moth
7. Pieris brassicae
8. Swallowtail butterfly

Odonata (3 articles)

1. Odonata
2. Damselfly
3. Dragonfly

Orthoptera (6 articles)

1. Orthoptera
2. Cricket (insect)
3. Grasshopper
4. Mole cricket
5. Locust
6. Tettigoniidae

Arthropoda, others (9 articles)

1. Trilobite

Hexapoda (2 articles)

1. Hexapoda
2. Springtail

Myriapoda (3 articles)

1. Myriapoda
   1. Centipede
   2. Millipede

Chelicerata (3 articles)

1. Chelicerata
2. Eurypterid
3. Xiphosura

Invertebrata, others (10 articles)

Ecdysozoa (3 articles)

1. Nematode
   1. Caenorhabditis elegans
2. Tardigrade

Lophotrochozoa (5 articles)

1. Annelid
   1. Earthworm
   2. Leech
   3. Polychaete
2. Bryozoa

Platyzoa (2 articles)

1. Flatworm
   1. Cestoda

Agnatha (4 articles)

1. Agnatha
2. Hagfish
3. Lamprey
4. Ostracoderm

Fishes (88 articles)

1. Fish (Level 3)
2. Coral reef fish
3. Deep-sea fish
4. Chondrichthyes
5. Acanthodii
6. Osteichthyes
   1. Actinopterygii
   2. Sarcopterygii
      1. Coelacanth
      2. Lungfish
7. Placodermi
8. Anglerfish
9. Arapaima
10. Chimaera
11. Eel
12. Electric eel
13. Flying fish
14. Milkfish
15. Northern pike
16. Oarfish
17. Mullet
18. Ophidiiformes
19. Scorpaeniformes
20. Stickleback

Batoidea (6 articles)

1. Batoidea
2. Stingray
3. Manta ray
4. Skate
5. Sawfish
6. Electric ray

Characiformes (3 articles)

1. Characiformes
2. Characidae
3. Piranha

Chondrosteans (2 articles)

1. Bichir
2. Sturgeon

Clupeiformes (5 articles)

1. Anchovy
2. Herring
3. Ilish
4. Sardine
5. Sprat

Cypriniformes (5 articles)

1. Cypriniformes
2. Cyprinidae
   1. Carp
   2. Goldfish
   3. Koi

Cyprinodontiformes (2 articles)

1. Cyprinodontiformes
2. Guppy

Gadiformes (3 articles)

1. Alaska pollock
2. Cod
3. Haddock

Osmeriformes (2 articles)

1. Galaxiidae
2. Smelt

Perciformes (17 articles)

1. Perciformes
2. Barracuda
3. Cichlid
   1. Tilapia
4. Goby
5. Mackerel
6. Marlin
7. Mahi-mahi
8. Serranidae
   1. European seabass
   2. Grouper
9. Siamese fighting fish
10. Swordfish
11. Perch
12. Remora
13. Tuna
14. Wrasse

Pleuronectiformes (5 articles)

1. Flatfish
2. Flounder
3. Halibut
4. Plaice
5. Turbot

Salmoniformes (3 articles)

1. Salmonidae
2. Salmon
3. Trout

Sharks (6 articles)

1. Shark
2. Great white shark
3. Hammerhead shark
4. Tiger shark
5. Nurse shark
6. Whale shark

Siluriformes (2 articles)

1. Catfish
2. Loricariidae

Syngnathiformes (1 article)

1. Seahorse

Tetraodontiformes (2 articles)

1. Ocean sunfish
2. Tetraodontidae

Amphibians (9 articles)

1. Amphibian (Level 3)
2. Caecilian
3. Salamander
   1. Newt
4. Frog
   1. Hylidae
   2. Leptodactylidae
   3. True toad
   4. True frog
      1. American bullfrog

Reptiles (47 articles)

1. Reptile (Level 3)
2. Crocodilia
   1. Alligator
   2. Caiman
   3. Crocodile
3. Lizard
   1. Chameleon
   2. Gecko
   3. Gila monster
   4. Green iguana
   5. Horned lizard
   6. Komodo dragon
   7. Skink
4. Snake
   1. Eastern copperhead
   2. Agkistrodon piscivorus
   3. Boidae
   4. Coral snake
   5. Garter snake
   6. Sea snake
   7. Mamba
   8. Naja
   9. Rattlesnake
   10. Adder
5. Tuatara
6. Turtle
   1. Alligator snapping turtle
   2. Box turtle
   3. Common snapping turtle
   4. Painted turtle
   5. Red-eared slider
   6. Sea turtle
   7. Tortoise
      1. Galápagos tortoise

Dinosaurs and prehistoric reptiles (13 articles)

1. Dinosaur (Level 3)
   1. Allosaurus
   2. Apatosaurus
   3. Diplodocus
   4. Iguanodon
   5. Stegosaurus
   6. Triceratops
   7. Tyrannosaurus
   8. Velociraptor
2. Plesiosaur
3. Pterosaur
4. Synapsid
   1. Dimetrodon

Birds (117 articles)

General articles (5 articles)

1. Bird (Level 3)
2. Seabird
3. Bird of prey
4. Palaeognathae
5. Archaeopteryx

Accipitriformes and Falconiformes (9 articles)

1. Accipiter
2. Eagle
   1. Golden eagle
3. Falcon
   1. Peregrine falcon
4. New World vulture
5. Old World vulture
6. Osprey
7. Secretarybird

Anseriformes (4 articles)

1. Duck
   1. Mallard
2. Goose
3. Swan

Apodiformes (2 articles)

1. Hummingbird
2. Swift

Caprimulgiformes (1 article)

1. Nightjar

Charadriiformes (4 articles)

1. Auk
2. Gull
3. Sandpiper
4. Tern

Ciconiiformes (4 articles)

1. Heron
2. Ibis
3. Shoebill
4. Stork

Columbiformes (4 articles)

1. Columbidae
   1. Dodo
   2. Passenger pigeon
   3. Rock dove

Coraciiformes (3 articles)

1. River kingfisher
2. Hornbill
3. Hoopoe

Cuculiformes (3 articles)

1. Cuckoo
2. Hoatzin
3. Turaco

Galliformes (8 articles)

1. Galliformes
2. Chicken (Level 3)
3. Grouse
4. Guineafowl
5. Peafowl
6. Common pheasant
7. Common quail
8. Domestic turkey

Gaviiformes (1 article)

1. Loon

Gruiformes (4 articles)

1. Gruiformes
2. Crane (bird)
3. Bustard
4. Rail

Passerines (2 articles)

1. Passerine
2. Songbird

Corvoidea (8 articles)

1. Bird-of-paradise
2. Corvidae
   1. Corvus
      1. Common raven
   2. Eurasian magpie
3. Honeyeater
4. Lyrebird
5. Shrike

Passerida (23 articles)

1. Bulbul
2. Cardinal
3. Bunting
4. Finch
5. Icterid
6. Lark
7. Mockingbird
8. New World warbler
9. Old World flycatcher
   1. European robin
   2. Common nightingale
10. Ploceidae
11. Old World sparrow
    1. House sparrow
12. Starling
    1. Common myna
    2. Common starling
13. Sunbird
14. Swallow
15. Tit
16. Thrush
    1. American robin
17. Wren

Tyranni (3 articles)

1. Antbird
2. Ovenbird (family)
3. Tyrant flycatcher

Pelecaniformes (5 articles)

1. Cormorant
2. Darter
3. Frigatebird
4. Pelican
5. Sulidae

Phoenicopteriformes (1 article)

1. Flamingo

Piciformes (3 articles)

1. Honeyguide
2. Toucan
3. Woodpecker

Procellariiformes (3 articles)

1. Procellariiformes
2. Albatross
3. Procellariidae

Psittaciformes (4 articles)

1. Parrot
2. Ara
3. Budgerigar
4. Cockatoo

Ratites (6 articles)

1. Cassowary
2. Emu
3. Kiwi
4. Moa
5. Common ostrich
6. Rhea

Sphenisciformes (1 article)

1. Penguin

Strigiformes (3 articles)

1. Owl
   1. Eurasian eagle-owl
   2. Barn owl

Tinamiformes (1 article)

1. Tinamou

Trogoniformes (2 articles)

1. Trogon
2. Resplendent quetzal

Mammals (162 articles)

1. Mammal (Level 3)
2. Aardvark
3. Armadillo
4. Hyrax
5. Pangolin
6. Sirenia

Bats (5 articles)

1. Bat
2. Megabat
3. Microbat
4. Pteropus
5. Vampire bat

Carnivora (36 articles)

1. Carnivora
2. Bear
   1. Brown bear
   2. Giant panda
   3. Polar bear
3. Canidae
   1. Dog (Level 3)
      1. Dingo
   2. Coyote
   3. Fox
   4. Jackal
   5. Wolf
4. Felidae
   1. Cat (Level 3)
   2. Cheetah
   3. Cougar
   4. Jaguar
   5. Leopard
   6. Lion
   7. Lynx
   8. Smilodon
   9. Snow leopard
   10. Tiger
5. Hyena
6. Mongoose
7. Mustelidae
   1. European badger
   2. Honey badger
   3. Marten
   4. Otter
   5. Sea otter
   6. Stoat
   7. Weasel
   8. Wolverine
8. Procyonidae
9. Skunk

Cetaceans (8 articles)

1. Cetacea
2. Whale
3. Blue whale
4. Dolphin
5. Humpback whale
6. Orca
7. Porpoise
8. Sperm whale

Erinaceids (1 article)

1. Hedgehog

Even-toed ungulates (37 articles)

1. Even-toed ungulate
2. Alpaca
3. Bovidae
   1. African buffalo
   2. American bison
   3. Antelope
   4. Aurochs
   5. Capra
   6. Cattle (Level 3)
   7. Gazelle
   8. Gaur
   9. Goat
   10. Impala
   11. Muskox
   12. Sheep (Level 3)
   13. Water buffalo
   14. Wildebeest
   15. European bison
   16. Yak
4. Camel
   1. Bactrian camel
   2. Dromedary
5. Deer
   1. Elk
   2. Moose
   3. Red deer
   4. Reindeer
6. Llama
7. Giraffe
8. Guanaco
9. Hippopotamus
10. Peccary
11. Pronghorn
12. Sus (genus)
    1. Pig (Level 3)
    2. Wild boar
13. Vicuña

Lagomorphs (3 articles)

1. Lagomorpha
2. Hare
3. Rabbit

Marsupials (8 articles)

1. Marsupial
2. Diprotodontia
   1. Kangaroo
   2. Koala
3. Dasyuromorphia
   1. Tasmanian devil
4. Opossum
5. Peramelemorphia

Monotremes (3 articles)

1. Monotreme
2. Echidna
3. Platypus

Odd-toed ungulates (7 articles)

1. Odd-toed ungulate
2. Donkey
3. Equidae
4. Horse (Level 3)
5. Rhinoceros
6. Tapir
7. Zebra

Pilosa (2 articles)

1. Anteater
2. Sloth

Pinnipeds (4 articles)

1. Pinniped
2. Eared seal
3. Earless seal
4. Walrus

Primates (22 articles)

1. Primate (Level 3)
2. Monkey
3. Ape
   1. Pan (genus)
      1. Chimpanzee
      2. Bonobo
   2. Gibbon
   3. Gorilla
   4. Orangutan
   5. Human (Level 1)
4. New World monkey
   1. Capuchin monkey
   2. Spider monkey
5. Old World monkey
   1. Baboon
   2. Macaque
   3. Rhesus macaque
6. Strepsirrhini
   1. Slow loris
   2. Galago
   3. Lemur
7. Tarsier

Proboscidea (3 articles)

1. Proboscidea
2. Elephant
3. Mammoth

Rodents (15 articles)

1. Rodent (Level 3)
2. Capybara
3. Nutria
4. Beaver
5. Dormouse
6. Guinea pig
7. Hamster
8. Marmot
9. Mouse
10. Muridae
11. Muskrat
12. Porcupine
13. Rat
    1. Brown rat
14. Squirrel

Soricomorpha (2 articles)

1. Shrew
   1. Mole (animal)

Animal breeds and hybrids (19 articles)

Cats (2 articles)

1. Siamese cat
2. Domestic short-haired cat

Cattle (3 articles)

1. American Brahman
2. Hereford cattle
3. Holstein Friesian

Dogs (7 articles)

1. Gun dog
2. Herding dog
3. Hound
4. Livestock guardian dog
5. Mastiff
6. Spitz
7. Terrier

Horses (5 articles)

1. Arabian horse
2. Andalusian horse
3. Friesian horse
4. Thoroughbred
5. Pony

Hybrids (1 article)

1. Mule

Sheep (1 article)

1. Merino

Plants (259 articles)

Non-flowering plants (25 articles)

Green algae (3 articles)

1. Green algae
2. Charophyta
3. Chlorophyta

Bryophytes (5 articles)

1. Bryophyte
2. Hornwort
3. Marchantiophyta
4. Moss
   1. Sphagnum

Pteridophytes (4 articles)

1. Pteridophyte
2. Fern
   1. Equisetum
3. Lycophyte

Gymnosperms (13 articles)

1. Gymnosperm
2. Cycad
3. Ginkgo biloba

Pinophyta (conifers) (10 articles)

1. Conifer
2. Cedrus
3. Cupressus
4. Douglas fir
5. Fir
6. Juniper
7. Pine
8. Podocarpus
9. Sequoioideae
10. Spruce

Monocots (33 articles)

1. Monocotyledon

Alismatales (3 articles)

1. Araceae
   1. Anthurium
   2. Philodendron

Arecales (1 article)

1. Arecaceae

Asparagales (10 articles)

1. Agave
2. Aloe
3. Amaryllis
4. Gladiolus
5. Iridaceae
   1. Iris
6. Lily of the valley
7. Narcissus
8. Orchid
9. Yucca

Commelinales (1 article)

1. Pontederia crassipes

Liliales (5 articles)

1. Alstroemeria
2. Colchicum
3. Liliaceae
   1. Lilium
   2. Tulip

Pandanales (1 article)

1. 1. Pandanus

Poales (9 articles)

1. Bromeliaceae
   1. Puya
   2. Spanish moss
2. Cyperaceae
3. Juncus
4. Poaceae
   1. Bamboo
   2. Sugarcane
5. Typha

Zingiberales (2 articles)

1. Canna
2. Heliconia

Non-monocots (68 articles)

1. Eudicots
2. Magnoliids

Apiales (2 articles)

1. Apiaceae
2. Hedera

Asterales (11 articles)

1. Asteraceae
   1. Bellis perennis
   2. Chrysanthemum
   3. Cirsium
   4. Dahlia
   5. Solidago
   6. Helianthus
   7. Sonchus
   8. Tagetes
   9. Taraxacum
2. Campanulaceae

Brassicales (2 articles)

1. Arabidopsis thaliana
2. Tropaeolum

Caryophyllales (1 article)

1. Cactus

Cornales (1 article)

1. Cornus

Cucurbitales (1 article)

1. Cucurbitaceae

Ericales (8 articles)

1. Diospyros
2. Ericaceae
   1. Rhododendron
      1. Azalea
3. Theaceae
   1. Camellia
4. Impatiens
5. Primulaceae

Fabales (2 articles)

1. Fabaceae
   1. Mimosa

Fagales (5 articles)

1. Alder
2. Beech
3. Birch
4. Hickory
5. Oak

Gentianales (3 articles)

1. Apocynaceae
2. Gardenia
3. Rubiaceae

Lamiales (6 articles)

1. Lamiaceae
2. Oleaceae
   1. Fraxinus
3. Salvia
4. Sesame
5. Verbena

Malpighiales (6 articles)

1. Euphorbiaceae
2. Flax
3. Hypericum
4. Poinsettia
5. Viola
6. Willow

Malvales (2 articles)

1. Malvaceae
   1. Adansonia

Myrtales (4 articles)

1. Henna
2. Melastomataceae
3. Myrtaceae
   1. Eucalyptus

Proteales (3 articles)

1. Proteaceae
2. Nelumbo
3. Platanus

Rosales (6 articles)

1. Cannabis
2. Elm
3. Moraceae
   1. Ficus sycomorus
4. Rosaceae
   1. Rose

Sapindales (2 articles)

1. Mahogany
2. Maple

Solanales (1 article)

1. Convolvulaceae

Edible fruits (50 articles)

Culinary fruits (38 articles)

1. Apple
2. Apricot
3. Avocado
4. Banana
5. Blackberry
6. Blackcurrant
7. Blueberry
8. Cherry
9. Citrus
   1. Grapefruit
   2. Kumquat
   3. Lemon
   4. Lime
   5. Orange
   6. Mandarin orange
10. Fig
11. Cranberry
12. Date palm
13. Durian
14. Grape
15. Guava
16. Jackfruit
17. Kiwifruit
18. Lychee
19. Mango
20. Morus
21. Cucumis melo
22. Olive
23. Papaya
24. Peach
25. Pear
26. Pineapple
27. Plum
28. Pomegranate
29. Raspberry
30. Strawberry
31. Tamarind
32. Watermelon

Botanical fruits used as culinary vegetables (12 articles)

1. Bell pepper
2. Breadfruit
3. Chili pepper
4. Cooking banana
5. Cucumber
6. Cucurbita
   1. Pumpkin
   2. Zucchini
7. Eggplant
8. Green bean
9. Okra
10. Tomato

Edible seeds, grains, nuts (pulses) (30 articles)

Grains (10 articles)

1. Barley
2. Maize (Level 3)
3. Millet
4. Oat
5. Rice (Level 3)
   1. Oryza sativa
6. Rye
7. Sorghum
8. Wheat (Level 3)
   1. Common wheat

Pseudocereals (3 articles)

1. Amaranth
2. Buckwheat
3. Quinoa

Nuts (8 articles)

1. Almond
2. Brazil nut
3. Cashew
4. Chestnut
5. Hazelnut
6. Macadamia
7. Pecan
8. Walnut

Pulses (9 articles)

1. Bean
   1. Vicia faba
   2. Lima bean
   3. Soybean (Level 3)
   4. Phaseolus vulgaris
2. Chickpea
3. Lentil
4. Pea
5. Peanut

Vegetables (53 articles)

Leafy vegetables (9 articles)

1. Eruca vesicaria
2. Cabbage
3. Chard
4. Chinese cabbage
5. Collard (plant)
6. Kale
7. Lettuce
8. Rapeseed
9. Spinach

Root vegetables (15 articles)

1. Arrowroot
2. Beetroot
3. Carrot
4. Cassava
5. Daikon
6. Onion
7. Parsnip
8. Potato (Level 3)
9. Radish
10. Rutabaga
11. Sugar beet
12. Sweet potato
13. Taro
14. Turnip
15. Yam

Other vegetables (9 articles)

1. Artichoke
2. Asparagus
3. Broccoli
4. Cauliflower
5. Celery
6. Chicory
7. Coconut
8. Kohlrabi
9. Leek

Herbs and spices (20 articles)

1. Anise
2. Basil
3. Black pepper
4. Cardamom
5. Cinnamon
6. Clove
7. Cumin
8. Fennel
9. Garlic
10. Ginger
11. Ginseng
12. Horseradish
13. Lavandula
14. Liquorice
15. Mentha
16. Nutmeg
17. Parsley
18. Saffron
19. Thyme
20. Vanilla

Fungi (15 articles)

1. Fungus (Level 3)
2. Mushroom
3. Yeast
   1. Saccharomyces cerevisiae
4. Ascomycota
5. Basidiomycota
6. Zygomycota

Edible fungi (6 articles)

1. Agaricus
2. Boletus edulis
3. Chanterelle
4. Pleurotus ostreatus
5. Shiitake
6. Truffle

Poisonous fungi (2 articles)

1. Amanita muscaria
2. Amanita phalloides

Other organisms (29 articles)

1. Eukaryote (Level 3)
2. Plankton
3. Protist
4. Paramecium
5. Prokaryote
   1. Archaea (Level 3)
   2. Bacteria (Level 3)
      1. Cyanobacteria
      2. Escherichia coli
      3. Salmonella
      4. Staphylococcus aureus
6. Rhizaria
7. Excavata
   1. Euglenozoa
8. Algae (Level 3)
   1. Red algae
   2. Seaweed
9. Chromalveolata
   1. Heterokont
      1. Brown algae
         1. Kelp
      2. Diatom
   2. Haptophyte
   3. Cryptomonad
   4. Alveolate
      1. Dinoflagellate
10. Lichen
11. Amoebozoa
12. Slime mold

Health, medicine and disease (281 articles)

Health and fitness (25 articles)

1. Health (Level 3)
   1. Mental health (Level 3)
2. Nutrition (Level 3)
   1. Diet
   2. Dietary supplement
   3. Food group
   4. Hunger
   5. Malnutrition
   6. Vitamin
3. Hygiene (Level 3)
   1. Bathing
   2. Feminine hygiene
   3. Oral hygiene
   4. Shaving
4. Physical fitness
   1. Body mass index
   2. Exercise (Level 3)
   3. Obesity (Level 3)
   4. Weight loss
5. Ageing (Level 3)
6. Breastfeeding
7. Fertilisation
   1. Infertility
8. Occupational safety and health
9. Stress (biology)

Drugs and pharmacology (35 articles)

1. Medication (Level 3)
   1. Vaccine (Level 3)
      1. Vaccination