Wadi Salib riots
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The Wadi Salib riots were a series of street demonstrations and acts of vandalism in the Wadi Salib neighborhood of Haifa, Israel, in 1959. They were sparked by the shooting of a Moroccan Jewish immigrant by police officers. Demonstrators accused the police of ethnic discrimination against Mizrahi Jews.
Israeli scholar Oren Yiftachel characterizes the riots as "the first wave of Mizrahi protest outside the [development] towns."[1]
History[edit]
On July 9, 1959, police confronted a Wadi Salib resident, Yaakov Elkarif, who was drunk and disturbing the peace. When he began behaving erratically and hurling empty bottles at the police sent to arrest him, he was shot and seriously wounded. Residents surrounded the police vehicle and dragged an officer out of it. He was released only after shots were fired in the air.[2]
Conflicting testimonies arose from the event. One witness claimed Elkarif provoked the officer through threats. Another witness offered that Elkarif, perceived as a stereotypical Moroccan immigrant -- i.e., violent and hot-tempered -- was shot for his lack of standing in society. Lastly, another witness claimed that the officer fired with the intention of calming the situation, which resulted in Elkarif's accidental shooting.
After false rumors circulated that he had died, several hundred Wadi Salib residents marched to Hadar HaCarmel, a predominantly Ashkenazi district, smashing shop windows and setting cars on fire.[2] Back in Wadi Salib, the angry demonstrators targeted the headquarters of Mapai [Labor Party] and the Histadrut (the Israeli congress of trade unions). The police tried to disperse the demonstrators by force, leaving 13 police and 2 demonstrators wounded. 34 demonstrators were arrested.
On July 11, riots broke out elsewhere in Israel, particularly in large communities of Maghrebi immigrants, like Tiberias, Beersheba, and Migdal HaEmek. It was claimed the riots were not completely spontaneous, and that a local movement, Likud Yotsei Tsfon Africa (Union of North African Immigrants) was involved in planning some of them. David Ben-Haroush, one of the movement's founders, was sent to prison. Ben-Haroush ran for the next Knesset elections while incarcerated, on the Union's list, though he failed to cross the electoral threshold.
Ashkenazi-Mizrahi relations[edit]
Discrimination against Mizrahim is believed to have been one of the main catalysts of the riot.[3] This event marked the initial recognition of ethnic discrimination among Israeli Jews.[4] Prior the creation of the State of Israel in 1948, the term “Mizrahim“ was not commonly used, but entered the Jewish lexicon as a term used broadly to refer to Jews Middle Eastern and North African ancestry.[5] The Mizrahim were viewed as passive recipients, whereas the Ashkenazim actively contributed to the creation of the Zionist vision of a Jewish-national community in Israel.[6]
The Wadi Salib riots still resonate in Israeli society as a symptom of the social malaise that led to clashes between Mizrahi and Ashkenazi Jews.[7]
Legacy[edit]
In 1979, Amos Gitai produced a film on the subject - Me'urot Wadi Salib ["the events of Wadi Salib"].[8] The Wadi Salib riots have been discussed in many scholarly articles.[9][10]
References[edit]
- ^ Yiftachel, Oren (2000). ""Ethnocracy" and Its Discontents: Minorities, Protests, and the Israeli Polity". Critical Inquiry. 26 (4): 751. ISSN 0093-1896.
- ^ a b So much for the melting pot, Tom Segev
- ^ Massad, Joseph (1996). "Zionism's Internal Others: Israel and the Oriental Jews". Journal of Palestine Studies. 25 (4): 53–68 [60]. doi:10.1525/jps.1996.25.4.00p0006c. JSTOR 2538006.
- ^ Weiss, Yfaat (2011). A Confiscated Memory: Wadi Salib and Haifa's Lost Heritage. Columbia University Press. p. 131. ISBN 978-0231152266.
- ^ For God's Sake: Why Are There So Many More Israelis with the Surname "Mizrahi" Than "Friedman"?, by Michal Margalit, 17 January 2014, Ynet.
- ^ Kahn-Nisser, Sara (2010). "Nationalism, Identity, and Rebellion: An Interpretation of the Wadi Salib Events". Nationalism and Ethnic Politics. 16 (3–4): 375–396 [392]. doi:10.1080/13537113.2010.526919. S2CID 144817834.
- ^ Timeline Archived 2008-12-03 at the Wayback Machine Jewish Agency for Israel
- ^ "Wadi Salib Riots | The Films of Amos Gitai". www.amosgitai.com. Retrieved 2021-12-08.
- ^ Judith T. Shuval (May 1962). "Emerging Patterns of Ethnic Strain in Israel". Social Forces. 40 (4): 323–330. doi:10.2307/2573888. JSTOR 2573888.
- ^ Daniel L. Smith (June 1991). "The second Israel: Peace in the Middle East and the implications of militant oriental Jewish ethnicity". Dialectical Anthropology. 16 (2): 153–166. doi:10.1007/BF00250243. S2CID 144842725.
External links[edit]
- Yfaat Weiss, A Confiscated Memory: Wadi Salib and Haifa's Lost Heritage, Columbia University Press, 2011.
- A Black Flag in a Red City, Haifa City Museum