Timeline of the Qing dynasty

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See also: Timeline of the Ming dynasty, Timeline of the Jurchens, and Timeline of Republic of China history

The Qing Empire ca. 1820, marked the time when the Qing began to rule these areas.
Qing dynasty in 1820. Includes provincial boundaries and the boundaries of modern China for reference.

This is a timeline of the Qing dynasty (1644–1912).

Background[edit]

16th century[edit]

1580s[edit]

Year Date Event
1583 Nurhaci becomes leader of the Jianzhou Left Branch[1]
1587 Nurhaci founds Fe Ala[2]

1590s[edit]

Year Date Event
1592 Japanese invasions of Korea (1592–98): Nurhaci offers to fight the Japanese but is refused; Ming reacts with alarm to the size and quality of Nurhaci's troops[3]
1593 Nurhaci defeats the Hulun Confederation and Khorchin Mongols[4]

17th century[edit]

1600s[edit]

Year Date Event
1600 Nurhaci creates the Banner Army[5]
1601 Nurhaci subjugates the Hada[6]
1603 Nurhaci and Ming generals agree to delineate the boundary between their territories[7]
Nurhaci moves his capital to Hetu Ala due to water problems at Fe Ala[8]
1605 Gwanghaegun of Joseon sends an expedition north of the Tumen River to destroy the Jurchen Holjaon community[6]
1607 Nurhaci subjugates the Hoifa[6]

1610s[edit]

Year Date Event
1611 Nurhaci subjugates the Wild Jurchens[9]
1613 Nurhaci incorporates the Ula into his confederation[10]
1615 Nurhaci increases the number of banners from four to eight[10]
Nurhaci sends his last tributary emissary to Beijing[11]
1616 Nurhaci declares the Later Jin, also known as the Amaga Aisin Gurun[12]
1618 9 May Battle of Fushun: Later Jin seizes Fushun[13]
summer Battle of Qinghe: Later Jin takes Qinghe[14]
1619 18 April Battle of Sarhū: Ming forces are annihilated by Later Jin[15]
26 July Battle of Kaiyuan: Later Jin takes Kaiyuan[16]
3 September Battle of Tieling: Later Jin takes Tieling[16]
September Battle of Xicheng: Later Jin annexes the Yihe Jurchens[17]
Chahar-Jurchen War: Ligdan Khan attacks Guangning, a horse trading town under the protection of Nurhaci, but is defeated[18]

1620s[edit]

Year Date Event
1621 4 May Battle of Shen-Liao: Later Jin seizes Shenyang[19]
December Battle of Fort Zhenjiang: Ming raids into Later Jin are repulsed[20]
1622 11 March Battle of Guangning: Later Jin seizes Guangning[20]
1625 Chahar-Jurchen War: Ligdan Khan's attack is turned back by a combined Khorchin Jurchen force[21]
1626 10 February Battle of Ningyuan: A Later Jin attack on Ningyuan is repulsed and Nurhaci is wounded[22]
30 September Nurhaci succumbs to his wounds and dies[23]
1627 January - March Later Jin invasion of Joseon: Hong Taiji is elected khan and subjugates Joseon[24]
spring Battle of Ning-Jin: Later Jin forces under Hong Taiji attack Jinzhou but are repelled[25]
1629 winter Jisi Incident: Later Jin forces break through the Great Wall and loot the region around Beijing[26]

1630s[edit]

Year Date Event
1630 summer Jisi Incident: Later Jin forces retreat[26]
1631 21 November Battle of Dalinghe: Later Jin seizes Dalinghe[27]
1633 April Wuqiao Mutiny: Shandong rebels defect to Later Jin[28]
summer Siege of Lüshun: Later Jin seizes Lüshun[29]
1634 Chahar-Jurchen War: Ligdan Khan of the Chahar Mongols is overthrown and displaced by Hong Taiji[30]
1635 Hong Taiji unites all Jurchen tribes under the name of Manchu; so ends the Jurchens[24]
Hong Taiji attacks the Hurha[31]

17th century[edit]

1630s[edit]

Year Date Event
1636 April Hong Taiji proclaims the Qing dynasty[32]
9 December Qing invasion of Joseon: Hong Taiji invades Joseon[33]
1637 30 January Qing invasion of Joseon: Joseon is defeated and becomes a Qing tributary[33]
1638 Qing dynasty conquers Shandong[34]
1639 Qing dynasty attacks the Daur and Solon people[31]

1640s[edit]

Year Date Event
1640 May Qing dynasty captures the Evenk fortresses of Duochen, Asajin, Yakesa, and Duojin[31]
1642 8 April Battle of Song-Jin: Qing dynasty takes Jinzhou[35]
1643 Northeastern natives submit to the Qing dynasty[36]
1644 27 May Battle of Shanhai Pass: Wu Sangui lets the Qing forces through the Great Wall and their forces defeat Li Zicheng in battle, after which Li retreats to Beijing[37]
5 June Qing dynasty takes Beijing and Li Zicheng flees[37]
1645 January Qing forces capture Luoyang[38]
20 May Qing forces capture Yangzhou[38]
16 June Qing forces capture Nanjing and the Hongguang Emperor[39]
6 July Qing forces capture Hangzhou[39]
21 July All nonclerical adult male citizens are ordered to adopt the Manchu queue to show their allegiance to the Qing dynasty[40]
1646 February Ming forces are defeated in Jiangnan[41]
10 July Qing forces defeat the Ming army at Tonglu[42]
30 September Qing forces capture Yanping[43]
6 October The Longwu Emperor is killed by Qing forces[43]
17 October Qing forces take Fuzhou[43]
1647 2 January Zhang Xianzhong is killed by Qing forces but his army occupies Chongqing and then occupies Sichuan under the leadership of Sun Kewang[44]
20 January Qing forces capture Guangzhou and the Shaowu Emperor[45]
5 March Qing forces conquer Guangdong, half of Guangxi, and Hainan[45]
March Qing forces take Changsha[46]
spring Qing forces raid Anping[47]
23 September Qing forces take Wugang[48]
1648 20 February Ming loyalists rebel at Nanchang and Nanning[49]
14 April Qing forces fail to take Guilin[48]
1649 15 January Ming loyalists rebel at Datong[50]
1 March Qing forces take Nanchang[51]
4 October Ming loyalists at Datong are defeated[50]
summer Qing forces conquer southern Huguang[52]
24 November Qing forces slaughter the population of Guangzhou[53]
27 November Qing forces capture Guilin[53]
2 December Qing forces capture Zhaoqing and the Yongli Emperor flees[53]

1650s[edit]

Year Date Event
1651 15 October Qing forces capture Zhoushan and Zhu Yihai flees[54]
1652 24 March Qing attack on Achansk is defeated[55]
7 August Rebel general Li Dingguo takes Guilin[56]
winter Sun Kewang's army is routed by Qing forces[56]
1654 July Battle of Hutong: Korean-Manchu army defeats a force of Russians[55]
Qing forces attack the Daur people[57]
1655 March–April Qing forces fail to take Komar[55]
Li Dingguo's army is routed by Qing forces[56]
1656 9 May Qing forces try to invade Kinmen Island (Quemoy) but their fleet is destroyed in a storm[58]
Qing forces attack the Daur people[57]
1657 February Ming forces defeat a Qing army near the Changjiang River Delta[58]
December Sun Kewang surrenders to the Qing dynasty[59]
1658 10 June Battle of Hutong (1658): Qing-Joseon forces defeat a Russian fleet on the Songhua River[55]
June Zheng Chenggong occupies Wenzhou[60]
1659 7 January Qing forces advance into Yunnan and the Yongli Emperor flees to Toungoo dynasty[61]
10 March Qing forces capture Yongchang and defeat Li Dingguo's army, securing Yunnan[61]
10 August Zheng Chenggong takes Zhenjiang[62]
24 August Zheng Chenggong lays siege to Nanjing[62]
9 September Zheng Chenggong's army is annihilated and he retreats to Xiamen[63]

1660s[edit]

Year Date Event
1660 February Qing forces launch an attack on Kinmen Island (Quemoy) and Xiamen but fail[63]
Upkeep for the Eight Banners exceeds the entire Qing dynasty's regular income[64]
1662 20 January Qing forces advance towards Inwa and force the return of the Yongli Emperor[65]
May The Yongli Emperor is executed in Yunnan; so ends the Southern Ming resistance on the mainland[65]
1664 The Qing dynasty conquers Fujian and Zheng Jing retreats to Taiwan[66]

1670s[edit]

Year Date Event
1674 Poverty in the Eight Banners is noted to be caused by excessive and extravagant spending[67]

1680s[edit]

Year Date Event
1683 July Battle of Penghu: Qing dynasty defeats the Kingdom of Tungning and conquers the island of Taiwan, beginning the period of Taiwan under Qing rule[68]
1684 The Han Chinese banners, "Hanjun", decline to uselessness[69]
1685 May–July Siege of Albazin: Qing forces take Albazin[70]
1686 July–October Siege of Albazin: The Russians return to Albazin but the Qing forces lay siege to it again until the Russians are forced to leave[70]
1689 27 August Treaty of Nerchinsk: The Tsardom of Russia abandons the Amur River region to the Qing in return for trading privileges[70]

1690s[edit]

Year Date Event
1690 3 September Battle of Ulan Butung: Galdan Boshugtu Khan leads 20,000 troops into battle with a Qing army 300 km north of Beijing, ending with Dzungar withdrawal[71]
1691 The Khalkha Mongols submit to the Qing dynasty[72]
1696 Battle of Jao Modo: The Qing dynasty invades Mongolia with 100,000 troops in three columns. Galdan Boshugtu Khan suffers defeat against the Western Route Army but manages to escape.[71] The Qing dynasty takes all of Mongolia from the Dzungar Khanate[72]
1698 Dzungar–Qing Wars: Qing dynasty occupies Hami[73]

18th century[edit]

1720s[edit]

Year Date Event
1720 Chinese expedition to Tibet (1720): The Qing dynasty expels the Dzungars from Tibet, beginning the period of Tibet under Qing rule[74]
Dzungar–Qing Wars: Amin Khoja leads a rebellion in Turpan against the Dzungar Khanate and defects to the Qing dynasty[73]
Zhu Yigui rebels in Taiwan and is defeated[75]
1723 Plains aborigines living in Dajiaxi village along the central coastal plain of Taiwan rebel; the aborigines are defeated but Han Chinese settlers continue to rebel[76]
The government starts investing in the Eight Banners' livelihoods to reduce their reliance on state subsidies[77]
1727 The government orders the comprehensive collection of genealogical tables for the Eight Banners[78]
1728 25 June Treaty of Kyakhta (1727): The Mongolian border of the Qing dynasty and Empire of Russia is delineated[79]

1730s[edit]

Year Date Event
1732 Dzungar–Qing Wars: The Dzungars attack Amin Khoja, who takes his people to settle in Guazhou[73]
Han Chinese rebels in Taiwan are defeated[76]
1735 Miao Rebellion: Qing forces defeat and massacre 28,900 Miao and Kam people in Rongjiang[80]
Military upkeep reaches 32 million taels, a bit more than half of the empire's budget[81]
1737 Dzungar–Qing Wars: Abuse by the Dzungars cause residents of the Tarim Basin to flee to the Qing dynasty[82]

1740s[edit]

Year Date Event
1742 Bannermen of Chinese origin who joined after 1644 are allowed to leave the banner system[83]

1750s[edit]

Year Date Event
1754 Dzungar–Qing Wars: The Dörbet and Amursana defect to the Qing dynasty[84]
State investment programs for the Eight Banners end[85]
Chinese bannermen at the Fuzhou, Guangzhou, Hangzhou, and Jingkou garrisons are "let go" and "excused" from their duties[83]
1755 Dzungar–Qing Wars: The Qing dynasty sends 50,000 troops in two columns against the Dzungars, meeting little resistance, and complete the destruction of the khanate in just 100 days, however Amursana revolts in the aftermath[73]
1756 All secondary status households in the Eight Banners are ordered to register as civilians[86]
1757 Dzungar–Qing Wars: Amursana flees the Qing dynasty, dying in Tobolsk[84]
Chinese bannermen in Beijing who are too old, maimed, or incompetent are let go[87]

1760s[edit]

Year Date Event
1760 The government spends 4 million taels buying back land from Han owners for the Eight Banners[88]
1761 Chinese bannermen at Suiyuan are replaced by Mongols and Manchus[87]
1762 All Chinese bannermen are given the choice of leaving the banner system[87]
1763 Chinese bannermen at Liangzhou and Zhuanglang are let go[87]

1770s[edit]

Year Date Event
1779 Chinese bannermen at Xi'an are let go[87]

1780s[edit]

Year Date Event
1786 Lin Shuangwen rebellion: Lin Shuangwen rebels in Taiwan[89]
1788 Lin Shuangwen rebellion: Lin Shuangwen is defeated[89]

19th century[edit]

1820s[edit]

Year Date Event
1820 Poverty becomes endemic in the Eight Banners[90]

1840s[edit]

Year Date Event
1841 Ding Gongchen builds China's first steam engine[91]
1842 29 August The Treaty of Nanking is signed between Britain and China, to come into effect on 26 June 1843.

1860s[edit]

Year Date Event
1863 Restrictions on banner occupations are officially lifted to no effect[92]

1870s[edit]

Year Date Event
1871 December Mudan incident: A Ryukyuan tributary ship crashes off the southern coast of Taiwan[93]
1872 July Mudan incident: The survivors of the Ryukyuan shipwreck who survive a massacre by Taiwanese indigenous peoples find shelter among Han Chinese locals and are shipped home from mainland China[94]
1874 Japanese invasion of Taiwan (1874): Japanese forces invade aboriginal territory in southern Taiwan using the Mudan incident as pretext and retreat after forcing the Qing to pay an indemnity[95]

1890s[edit]

Year Date Event
1895 17 April First Sino-Japanese War: The Qing cede the Penghu islands and Taiwan to Japan in the Treaty of Shimonoseki[96]
1898 11 June The Guangxu Emperor begins the Hundred Days' Reform[97]
5 September Zhang Yuanji recommends ending Manchu-Han differences and dissolving the Eight Banners system[98]
21 September Empress Dowager Cixi puts the Guangxu Emperor under house arrest[99]
22 September Empress Dowager Cixi comes to power[100]

20th century[edit]

1900s[edit]

Year Date Event
1900 June Boxer Rebellion: Empress Dowager Cixi declares war on foreign powers[100]
14 August Boxer Rebellion: Foreign troops enter Beijing[101]
7 September Boxer Rebellion: The Boxer Protocol is signed[102]
17 September Boxer Rebellion: Foreign troops leave Beijing[102]
1901 July The Zongli Yamen is replaced with the Ministry of Foreign Affairs[103]
1902 7 January Empress Dowager Cixi returns to Beijing[102]
1 February Ban on intermarriage between Manchus and Han Chinese is lifted[104]
1903 29 December Manchu monopoly on posts in the Eight Banners is abolished[104]
1905 16 July The government issues an edict proclaiming the need for leading officials to investigate new ways of government from abroad[105]
24 September Anti-Manchu proponent Wu Yue fails to assassinate the constitutional study commissioners[106]
The prohibition on transfer of property from the Eight Banners to civilians is lifted[103]
1906 1 September Empress Dowager Cixi promises to form a constitutional government with no specified date[107]
1907 April The territories of Manchuria are reorganized into provinces[103]
6 July Anhui governor Enming is assassinated by the anti-Manchu Xu Xilin[108]
20 September Empress Dowager Cixi declares her intention to create "a bicameral deliberative body"[109]
27 September An edict is passed to disband provincial banner garrisons over a 10-year period[110]
9 October An edict is passed to create a set of codes which apply uniformly to Manchus and Han Chinese[109]

Gallery[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^ Elliott 2001, p. 52.
  2. ^ Elliott 2001, p. 54.
  3. ^ Twitchett 1998, p. 576.
  4. ^ Narangoa 2014, p. 24.
  5. ^ Swope 2014, p. 19.
  6. ^ a b c Narangoa 2014, p. 25.
  7. ^ Twitchett 1998, p. 570.
  8. ^ Crossley 1997, p. 65-77.
  9. ^ Elliott 2001, p. 56.
  10. ^ a b Narangoa 2014, p. 28.
  11. ^ Twitchett 1998, p. 558.
  12. ^ Twitchett 1998b, p. 271.
  13. ^ Twitchett 1998, p. 577.
  14. ^ Swope 2014, p. 14.
  15. ^ Twitchett 1998, p. 579.
  16. ^ a b Wakeman 1985, p. 63.
  17. ^ Swope 2014, p. 24.
  18. ^ Narangoa 2014, p. 30.
  19. ^ Twitchett 1998, p. 600.
  20. ^ a b Twitchett 1998, p. 601.
  21. ^ Narangoa 2014, p. 34.
  22. ^ Twitchett 1998, p. 602.
  23. ^ Crossley 1997, p. 74.
  24. ^ a b Elliott 2001, p. 63.
  25. ^ Swope 2014, p. 79.
  26. ^ a b Twitchett 1998, p. 616.
  27. ^ Twitchett 1998, p. 617.
  28. ^ Twitchett 1998, p. 618.
  29. ^ Swope 2014, p. 102.
  30. ^ Crossley 1997, p. 77.
  31. ^ a b c Narangoa 2014, p. 37.
  32. ^ Twitchett 1998, p. 629.
  33. ^ a b Swope 2014, p. 115.
  34. ^ Twitchett 1998, p. 630.
  35. ^ Twitchett 1998, p. 636.
  36. ^ Narangoa 2014, p. 41.
  37. ^ a b Twitchett 1998, p. 639.
  38. ^ a b Twitchett 1998, p. 656.
  39. ^ a b Twitchett 1998, p. 660.
  40. ^ Twitchett 1998, p. 662.
  41. ^ Twitchett 1998, p. 673.
  42. ^ Twitchett 1998, p. 675.
  43. ^ a b c Twitchett 1998, p. 676.
  44. ^ Twitchett 1998, p. 702.
  45. ^ a b Twitchett 1998, p. 679.
  46. ^ Twitchett 1998, p. 682.
  47. ^ Twitchett 1998, p. 712.
  48. ^ a b Twitchett 1998, p. 683.
  49. ^ Twitchett 1998, p. 684.
  50. ^ a b Twitchett 1998, p. 691.
  51. ^ Twitchett 1998, p. 686.
  52. ^ Twitchett 1998, p. 690.
  53. ^ a b c Twitchett 1998, p. 692.
  54. ^ Twitchett 1998, p. 698.
  55. ^ a b c d Narangoa 2014, p. 46.
  56. ^ a b c Twitchett 1998, p. 704.
  57. ^ a b Narangoa 2014, p. 47.
  58. ^ a b Twitchett 1998, p. 718.
  59. ^ Twitchett 1998, p. 706.
  60. ^ Twitchett 1998, p. 719.
  61. ^ a b Twitchett 1998, p. 707.
  62. ^ a b Twitchett 1998, p. 720.
  63. ^ a b Twitchett 1998, p. 721.
  64. ^ Elliott 2001, p. 307.
  65. ^ a b Twitchett 1998, p. 710.
  66. ^ Twitchett 1998, p. 725.
  67. ^ Elliott 2001, p. 315.
  68. ^ Narangoa 2014.
  69. ^ Elliott 2001, p. 335.
  70. ^ a b c Narangoa 2014, p. 56.
  71. ^ a b Adle 2003, p. 148.
  72. ^ a b Adle 2003, p. 219.
  73. ^ a b c d Adle 2003, p. 200.
  74. ^ Adle 2003, p. 149.
  75. ^ Li 2019, p. 82-83.
  76. ^ a b Twitchett 2002, p. 228.
  77. ^ Elliott 2001, p. 318.
  78. ^ Elliott 2001, p. 326.
  79. ^ Christian 2018, p. 182.
  80. ^ Geary 2003, p. 13.
  81. ^ Elliott 2001, p. 309.
  82. ^ Adle 2003, p. 199.
  83. ^ a b Elliott 2001, p. 340.
  84. ^ a b Adle 2003, p. 150.
  85. ^ Elliott 2001, p. 321.
  86. ^ Elliott 2001, p. 333.
  87. ^ a b c d e Elliott 2001, p. 341.
  88. ^ Elliott 2001, p. 316.
  89. ^ a b Standaert 2022, p. 225.
  90. ^ Elliott 2001, p. 322.
  91. ^ Andrade 2016, p. 264.
  92. ^ Elliott 2001, p. 311.
  93. ^ Barclay 2018, p. 50.
  94. ^ Barclay 2018, p. 51-52.
  95. ^ Wong 2022, p. 124-126.
  96. ^ Zhang (1998), p. 514.
  97. ^ Rhoads 2000, p. 63.
  98. ^ Rhoads 2000, p. 65.
  99. ^ Rhoads 2000, p. 67.
  100. ^ a b Rhoads 2000, p. 71.
  101. ^ Rhoads 2000, p. 72.
  102. ^ a b c Rhoads 2000, p. 73.
  103. ^ a b c Rhoads 2000, p. 77.
  104. ^ a b Rhoads 2000, p. 76.
  105. ^ Rhoads 2000, p. 96.
  106. ^ Rhoads 2000, p. 97.
  107. ^ Rhoads 2000, p. 100.
  108. ^ Rhoads 2000, p. 104.
  109. ^ a b Rhoads 2000, p. 118.
  110. ^ Rhoads 2000, p. 117.

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