Theodhor Haxhifilipi
Theodhor Haxhifilipi, also known as Dhaskal Todhri (Elbasan, c.1730–1805), was a teacher from Elbasan, who is credited as an inventor of an original Albanian alphabet. The Todhri script, as is called because of him, according to Kostandin Kristoforidhi, was either invented by Theodor, or brought by him from Voskopojë.[1] Theodhor is the author of numerous translations of liturgical works in Albanian, of which only a few survived. A mass of John Chrysostom, preserved in a later manusrcipt of 32 pages, is amongst the rare ones kept at the National Library of Albania.
Life[edit]
Not much is known about Haxhifilipi's life. There are only a few documentary sources. Haxhifilipi was probably born in the Kala neighbourhood of Elbasan, from a family of silversmiths.[2] According to George Von Hahn, he finished his studies at the New Academy of Voskopojë. This is how Albanologist Robert Elsie describes his life:
One noted student of the New Academy in Voskopoja was Todhri (Theodor) Haxhifilipi (ca. 1730-1805), also known as Dhaskal Todhri from Elbasan, who, after training in Voskopoja, taught at the Greek school in his native Elbasan, hence the name Dhaskal (teacher). The German language scholar Johann Georg von Hahn (1811-1869), who visited Albania in the first half of the nineteenth century, refers to him as having translated not only the Old Testament but also the New Testament and other religious works. Most of his writings were unfortunately destroyed by fire during an epidemic in 1827 such that we can neither confirm nor disprove Hahn’s assertion about the Bible translations. Among the surviving fragments ascribed to Haxhifilipi, preserved both in the Central State Archives in Tirana and in the Austrian National Library in Vienna (Ser. Nova 3351), are Albanian translations of an Orthodox Book of Hours and of Mesha e Shën Jon Gojarit (The liturgy of St John Chrysostom).[3]
Haxhifilipi is the author of a poem written in 1774 in Voskopojë, and published in a prayer book dedicated to Saint John Vladimir.[4] Haxhifilipi was a teacher at the local Greek school in Elbasan.[5] According to Robert Elsie, the Alphabet was used until 1930 in Elbasan.
The alphabet and other works[edit]
It is not sure if Haxhifilipi invented the script, or was he the first one to bring it to Elbasan. According to Dhimitër Shuteriqi, the Todhri script could have been invented by Gregory of Durrës, who was also a teacher at the New Academy of Voskopojë, where Haxhifilipi was a student.[6] The earliest dated text in Todhri's script is Radhua Hesapesh (daybook) of a local merchant partnership known as Jakov Popa i Vogël dhe Shokët (English: Jakov Popa Junior and Friends). The entries in Todhri's script start on 10 August 1795 and continue until 1797.[7] An even older text written in Todhri script is discovered recently in family notebook in Elbasan, dated 1st of January 1780.[8] Leopold Geitler (1847–1885) and Slovenian scholar Rajko Nahtigal (1877–1958) subsequently studied the script, concluding that it was derived primarily from the Roman cursive and Greek cursive from the 18th century.[9]
Other older texts, possibly written by Todhri himself, cannot be dated or confirmed.[7] Most of his texts burned from fear of the plague. Some handwritten copied fragments of his work remain in Elbasan. Amongs them the most fameous is the John Chrysostom mass, copied around 1800 by a local igumen called Josif Haxhi Anastasi. An uncomplete translation of a catechism from Adamantios Korais also remains, copied in the second half of the 19th century. There we have a small explanation for his work, that might be from Haxhifilipi himself,
I added a few new words [invented] in this text, as our Albanian language needs them in order to cover all of them from the Greek language. I beg you christian Albanians to study and love this catechism as if it is the nourishment of your soul, to learn and read all the time if you want the blessing of God night and day, if you want to grant a gift to our Lord...[10]
The original text is dated to be from between 1782 and 1801. More fragments from Haxhifilipi are kept at the General Directorate of Archives (Albania).
See also[edit]
References[edit]
- ^ Kostandin Kristoforidhi (1854). Alfabeti i Elbasanit, Two page manuscript at the National Archive of Albania (in Greek). A translation can be read here: Alfabeti, udhëtim mes shekujve, quote from Kostandin Kristoforidhi on 25 of May 1854 in Durrës: (Albanian) "Në vende të tjera të Shqipërisë janë krejt të panjoftura. Banorët e Elbasanit i supozojnë këto origjinale dhe tradicionale, megjithatë shtojmë se qyteti shqiptar, Voskopoja që është shkretuar i përdorte këto. Një... banor i Elbasanit i quajtur Thodhor Filipi, i cili kishte bërë studime në Voskopojë dhe u çqua nga viti 1700, filloi të bëjë përkthimin e Dhiatës së Vjetër dhe së Resë në gjuhën gjë që arriti ta bëjë."
- ^ Mahmud Hysa (1995). Autorë dhe tekste nga letërsia e vjetër shqiptare (in Albanian). Flaka e vëllazërimit. p.86.
- ^ Robert Elsie (1991). Albanian literature in greek script. In Byzantine and Modern Greek Studies, Birmingham, 15, p. 20-34.
- ^ Hahn, Johann Georg (1854) Albanesische studien, Wienn, p. 296-297
- ^ Nachtigal, Rajko (1931). O Elbasanskom pismu in pismenstvu na njemu. Arhiv, Knjiga 1, SV, 1-2. Beogradski Universitet, p. 163
- ^ Dhimitër Shuteriqi (2020). La Cultura Antica di Elbasan (Italian), Elbasani, Kronikat e një qyteti, 10 October 2020
- ^ a b Dhimiter Shuteriqi (1976), Shkrimet Shqipe ne Vitet 1332-1850, Tirana: Academy of Sciences of PR of Albania, p. 140, OCLC 252881121
- ^ Yll Rugova (2022). Malte Bruni dhe fillimi i studimeve mbi alfabetet origjinale të gjuhës shqipe. In Studimet për Shqiptarët në Francë, ASHAK Prishtina, pp. 571–2
- ^ Elsie, Robert. "The Elbasan Gospel Manuscript (Anonimi i Elbasanit), 1761, and the struggle for an original Albanian alphabet" (PDF). elsie.de. p. 4.
- ^ Rugova, Yll (1 January 2023). "Katekizmi i Elbasanit me alfabetin e Todhrit nga mesi i shekullit XIX". Studime Filologjike.