Template:Elder Futhark

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Rune UCS Trans. IPA Proto-Germanic name Meaning
f f /ɸ/, /f/ *fehu "cattle; wealth"
u u /u(ː)/ ?*ūruz "aurochs", Wild ox (or *ûram "water/slag"?)
th,þ þ /θ/, /ð/ ?*þurisaz "Thurs" (see Jötunn) or *þunraz ("the god Thunraz")
a a /a(ː)/ *ansuz "god"
r r /r/ *raidō "ride, journey"
k k (c) /k/ ?*kaunan "ulcer"? (or *kenaz "torch"?)
g g /ɡ/ *gebō "gift"
w w /w/ *wunjō "joy"
h h ᚺ ᚻ h /h/ *hagalaz "hail" (the precipitation)
n n /n/ *naudiz "need"
i i /i(ː)/ *īsaz "ice"
j j /j/ *jēra- "year, good year, harvest"
ï,ei ï (æ) /æː/[1] *ī(h)waz "yew-tree"
p p /p/ ?*perþ- meaning unknown; possibly "pear-tree".
z z /z/ ?*algiz "elk" (or "protection, defence"[2])
s s ᛊ ᛋ s /s/ *sōwilō "sun"
t t /t/ *tīwaz "the god Tiwaz"
b b /b/ *berkanan "birch"
e e /e(ː)/ *ehwaz "horse"
m m /m/ *mannaz "man"
l l /l/ *laguz "water, lake" (or possibly *laukaz "leek")
ŋ ŋ ŋ /ŋ/ *ingwaz "the god Ingwaz"
d d /d/ *dagaz "day"
o o /o(ː)/ *ōþila-/*ōþala- "heritage, estate, possession"
  1. ^ also rendered /ɛː/, see Proto-Germanic phonology.
  2. ^ Ralph Warren, Victor Elliott, Runes: an introduction, Manchester University Press ND, 1980, 51-53.