Suomi KP/-31

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Suomi KP/-31
Suomi KP/-31
TypeSubmachine gun
Place of originFinland
Service history
In service1931–1980s
Used bySee Users
Wars
Production history
DesignerAimo Lahti
Designedlate 1920s
ManufacturerTikkakoski
Produced1931–1953
No. builtApprox. 80,000
Variants
  • Kpist m/37
  • Kpist m/37-39
  • Kpist m/37-39F
  • Lettet-Forsøgs
  • Madsen-Suomi
  • Hispano Suiza MP43/44
Specifications
Mass4.6 kg (10.14 lb)
Length
  • 870 mm (34.3 in)
  • 925 mm (36.4 in) (SJR)
  • 740 mm (29.1 in) (bunker version)
Barrel length314 mm (12.4 in)
Cartridge9×19mm Parabellum, 7.65mm Parabellum[4]
ActionStraight Blowback
Rate of fire750–900 rounds/min
Muzzle velocity396 m/s (1,299 ft/s)[5]
Effective firing range200 m[6]
Feed system20-, 36- or 50-round box, 40- or 71-round drum. Also modified German MP 38 & MP 40 32-round box magazine
SightsFront blade, rear notch

The Suomi KP/-31 (Finnish: Suomi-konepistooli m/31 or "Finland-submachine gun mod. 1931") is a Finnish submachine gun that was mainly used during World War II. It is a descendant of the M-22 prototype and the KP/-26 production model, which was revealed to the public in 1925. It entered service in Finland in 1931, and remained in use until the 1980s.[3]

The Suomi KP/-31 is regarded by many[7] as one of the most successful submachine guns of World War II. It also had a profound effect on the conflict beyond Finland as the Soviet authorities, who had been dismissive of submachine guns, were persuaded of their fatal efficiency by the Finnish forces in the Winter War of 1939–1940.[8] Though a relatively early design, the Suomi was a formidable weapon: highly controllable[9] and with accuracy similar to that of the mass-produced PPSh-41[10] but at the cost of a significantly higher mass to absorb recoil, with a lower rate of fire and an equally large magazine capacity.[10] Its major disadvantages were its higher weight, high maintenance requirements and high production cost, which led to the later introduction of the KP/-44, a close copy of the Soviet PPS-43 but accepting the existing magazines and drums for the KP/-31.

The M-22 and KP/-26 were made by Konepistooli Oy, founded by Master Armorer Aimo Lahti, Captain V. Korpela, Lieutenant Y. Koskinen and Lieutenant L. Boyer-Spoof. The Suomi KP/-31 was designed by Koskinen and Lahti.

History[edit]

The Suomi KP/-31 went into serial production in 1931 by Tikkakoski Oy which was owned by German arms dealer Willi Daugs and most of these weapons were bought by the Finnish Defence Forces. The Finnish Defence Forces were equipped with about 4000 Suomi KP/-31 submachine guns when the Winter War started. During the course of the war, the design was altered in February 1942 with the addition of a muzzle brake, which increased the submachine gun's overall length by 55 mm and weight by half a pound. The revised version was designated KP/-31 SJR (suujarru, or "muzzle brake"). Aimo Lahti was displeased with this revision, believing that it decreased muzzle velocity and reduced the weapon's reliability, and even sought in vain to have the unknown designer of the brake court-martialed. Ultimately, roughly half of the KP/-31s in Finnish service were of the SJR version.

The KP/-31 was unusual in that it had a replaceable barrel secured with four lugs rather than threads. Soldiers were issued at least one spare barrel. In close combat the weapon would overheat in sustained automatic fire, requiring the barrel to be changed. This was effected using a mitten or piece of thick cloth to secure, rotate, and remove the barrel jacket. Then the user would use the point of a puukko knife or a cleaning rod to loosen and remove the hot barrel. It was easy to then slide in and lock a fresh new barrel, secure the jacket, and resume firing.

The Finnish military initially issued it with the 20-round staggered-column magazine and early 40-round sissilipas ("ranger magazine") drum. The magazine's capacity was found to be too small for sustained fire. Up to 5 additional rounds could be loaded into it, but it was found that this damaged or over-compressed the springs and caused it to fail. The drum was found to be hard to reload in action because the backplate had to be taken off and the bullets loaded inside tip-downwards. The drum also had an open "shot count window" in the bottom of the drum; the numbers 1 to 40 were stamped on the feed plate and lined up with the window to indicate the shots remaining. However, it naturally let in dirt and debris that led to jams. Aimo Lahti experimented with a 60-round Thompson-type spring-loaded clockwork drum to replace it, but it was never adopted.

They were later replaced during the Continuation War with the Swedish-designed 50-round "coffin" magazine and improved 71-round drum. The "coffin" magazine carried more ammunition than the box magazine and was lighter than the 40-round drum. However, it was complicated and prone to jamming or failure if it was damaged, reassembled incorrectly, or the springs gave out. It would also fail to fire or feed unless it was properly seated in the magazine well. The "coffin" magazine was withdrawn from service in 1943 in favor of the 71-round drum. The larger drum was a design by the weapon's less-well-known co-designer, Lieutenant Y. Koskinen, that was an improvement of the 40-round drum. It had a removable front-plate that was quicker to reassemble and was cocked by rotating the mainspring for up to four detents, allowing the drum to be partially reloaded. It was first released commercially in 1935 (eponymously named the M/Koskinen drum) and entered into Finnish service in January, 1936. In the 1950s the magazine wells on the KP/-31s were modified in order to use the Swedish Carl Gustav m/45b's 36-round double-column magazine.

Tactics[edit]

Initially the KP/-31 was issued as a substitute for a light machine gun, and proved inadequate in this role. Instead, soldiers learned by trial and error how to use submachine guns to the best effect. By the time of the Continuation War, Finnish doctrine had been altered to include both a KP/-31 and a light machine gun (usually a captured Degtyaryov) in every infantry squad. By 1943 this had been expanded to two KP/-31s per squad. KP/-31 production continued with the intention of adding a third submachine gun to each squad, but this plan was shelved in 1944 when the Continuation War ended.

Sales[edit]

Finnish soldier armed with a Suomi KP/-31 SJR (muzzle brake version) and a Panzerfaust walks past a destroyed Soviet tank

Finland focused on sales to South America and the Baltic States.[citation needed] It was sold to both sides during the Spanish Civil War; about 300 were confiscated by France from interned Republican troops in 1939. Estonia, France, and Poland bought some before World War Two that were later captured.[citation needed] Germany and their Axis allies Bulgaria and Croatia bought some after the war began. The German Armeeoberkommando Norwegen and Finnish SS Troops were issued the KP/-31 from Finnish stores.[citation needed] A weld-on magazine adapter was created by the Germans to convert MP38/MP40 magazines to feed in the KP/-31 to simplify logistics.

The Suomi KP was also manufactured under license. It was made in Sweden as the Husqvarna Kulsprutepistol Kpist M37 with a shorter 8.4-inch [213 mm] barrel. It was chambered for the weak 9mm Browning Long [9x20mmSR] cartridge, which required a rear-slanting magazine well. It used a 56-round four-column "coffin" magazine designed by Linde AB and manufactured by the Carl Gustav State Rifle Factory. They later adopted the redesigned Husquarna Kpist M37/39 chambered in 9mm Parabellum with a standard-length barrel [314mm] and 50-round "coffin" magazine. The Danish adopted it as the Madsen Maskinpistol M/41. It has distinctive protective metal “ears” on either side of the front post sight and used the 20-round magazine. The Swiss adopted it as the Hispano-Suiza Machinenpistole MP43 and issued it with the "coffin" magazine. The later MP43/44 had a fixed square notch rather than adjustable rear sights and the barrel jacket was modified to take a bayonet mount.

Design[edit]

Drum magazines for the KP/-31

The Suomi KP/-31 incorporated a few new design features. It had a quick-detachable barrel system and an arrangement whereby the spring was mounted inside the bolt in order to make the gun shorter.

The Carl Gustav 50-round quad-column "casket" box magazine was lighter and more reliable than the original Lahti 40-round "ranger" drum magazine. Similar applications were used on the Argentinian Hafdasa C-4 and Italian SITES Spectre M4 submachine guns. The Russian company PUFgun makes a 5.45x39mm 60-round AK-74-compatible all-polymer coffin magazine that was based on an abandoned Izhmash prototype.

Variants[edit]

A number of different options and variations were offered through the export market. Two of those were a vertical front pistol grip and a folding bipod, which could be included together or independently. The Finnish police actually bought a small number of each type, and something like 50 to 100 guns were produced and sold with both features together – like this example.[11]

A specialized bunker version was also produced in very small numbers (a total of 500 built) in 1941, the barrel shroud end of which was thinner and flattened to allow firing through the narrow ports of defensive bunkers.[12] This version had no shoulder stock and was equipped with a pistol grip. An even rarer version "900 kp 31 psv"[12] was produced for use as a secondary gun in the firing ports of Vickers Alt B Type E 6-Ton tanks, but only a few dozen were built before production was canceled due to the outbreak of the Winter War. Production never resumed, as captured Degtyaryov machine guns proved far superior in this role. Like the bunker version, the tank version had a pistol grip and no buttstock, and it could be quickly removed from the tank and fitted with a standard barrel shroud for infantry use if needed. The tank version remained in the Finnish Army's inventory through the 1980s, despite the tank it was designed for being retired in 1959.

Users[edit]

Gallery[edit]

  • Bunker model KP/-31
    Bunker model KP/-31
  • Internal drawing of the Suomi from the original patent
    Internal drawing of the Suomi from the original patent
  • A Finnish sub-machinegunner during the Battle of Vuosalmi in Karelian Isthmus
    A Finnish sub-machinegunner during the Battle of Vuosalmi in Karelian Isthmus
  • Early 7.65 mm Suomi KP/-26
    Early 7.65 mm Suomi KP/-26

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  • Guns of the Third Reich, p. 163
  • Thompson, Leroy (23 Mar 2017). The Suomi Submachine Gun. Weapon 54. Osprey Publishing. ISBN 9781472819642.
  1. ^ a b Thompson 2017, p. 6.
  2. ^ Thompson 2017, p. 4.
  3. ^ a b c Thompson 2017, p. 5.
  4. ^ a b "La Guerra del Chaco: fighting in El Infierno Verde: Part II: tanks, airplanes, submachine guns". Archived from the original on 2022-11-23. Retrieved 2022-11-24.
  5. ^ "Gunwritersin Suomi-KP, osa 5". Guns.connect.fi. Archived from the original on 2017-02-07. Retrieved 2011-12-06.
  6. ^ "Suomi submachine gun (Finland)". Modern Firearms. 27 October 2010. Archived from the original on 19 September 2017. Retrieved 12 February 2017.
  7. ^ Combat Guns: An Illustrated Encyclopedia of 20th Century Firearms, Osprey, 1987 ISBN 9780600551782.
  8. ^ Soviet Submachine Guns of World War II. Chris McNab, Osprey Publishing, p. 9.
  9. ^ "Suomi m/31 - Finland's Excellent Submachine Gun" Archived 2023-01-06 at the Wayback Machine. Forgotten Weapons.
  10. ^ a b Kekkonen, P. "Suomi Submachine Gun, KP/-31, part 2/2". Gunwriters. Archived from the original on 2 February 2017. Retrieved 12 February 2017.
  11. ^ McCollum, Ian (2021-12-01). "The Very Rare Commercial Suomi SMG with VFG and Bipod". www.forgottenweapons.com. Archived from the original on 2023-05-16. Retrieved 2023-05-16.
  12. ^ a b Kekkonen, P.T. (1999). "Mallit, variaatiot ja lisenssikopiot". Gunwriters (in Finnish). Archived from the original on 7 February 2017. Retrieved 12 February 2017.
  13. ^ a b Huon, Jean (September 2013). "The Chaco War". Small Arms Review. Vol. 17, no. 3.
  14. ^ "Memorial da Democracia - Integralistas tentam derrubar Getúlio". Memorial da Democracia. Archived from the original on 2023-01-15. Retrieved 2023-05-16.
  15. ^ Castro Gomes, Angela. Vargas e a crise dos anos 50.
  16. ^ a b c d e f g Thompson 2017, p. 69.
  17. ^ a b c d Thompson 2017, p. 70.
  18. ^ Thompson 2017, p. 10.
  19. ^ a b "FINNISH ARMY 1918 - 1945: MACHINEPISTOLS PART 1". www.jaegerplatoon.net. Archived from the original on 2023-04-15. Retrieved 2023-05-16.
  20. ^ Bellec, Olivier (June 2000). "L'équipement et l'armement des corps francs". Militaria Magazine (in French). No. 179. Histoire & Collections. pp. 39–44.
  21. ^ Gianluigi, Usai; Riccio, Ralph (January 28, 2017). Italian partisan weapons in WWII. Schiffer Military History. p. 195. ISBN 978-0764352102.
  22. ^ a b Thompson 2017, p. 56.
  23. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2023-04-19. Retrieved 2023-07-06.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  24. ^ a b "Suomi m/1931". Encyclopédie des armes : Les forces armées du monde (in French). Vol. I. Atlas. 1986. p. 23.
  25. ^ "Slovak Armed Forces". 15 September 2020. Archived from the original on 30 January 2021. Retrieved 12 January 2021.
  26. ^ Thompson 2017, pp. 68–69.
  27. ^ "kpistar i Sverige". Gotavapen.se. Archived from the original on 2016-08-26. Retrieved 2011-12-06.

External links[edit]

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