Egypt (Arabic : مصر Miṣr [mesˁr] , Egyptian Arabic pronunciation: [mɑsˤr] ), officially the Arab Republic of Egypt , is a transcontinental country spanning the northeast corner of Africa and the Sinai Peninsula in the southwest corner of Asia . It is bordered by the Mediterranean Sea to the north , the Gaza Strip of Palestine and Israel to the northeast , the Red Sea to the east, Sudan to the south , and Libya to the west . The Gulf of Aqaba in the northeast separates Egypt from Jordan and Saudi Arabia . Cairo is the capital and largest city of Egypt , while Alexandria , the second-largest city, is an important industrial and tourist hub at the Mediterranean coast . At approximately 100 million inhabitants, Egypt is the 14th-most populated country in the world , and the third-most populated in Africa, behind Nigeria and Ethiopia .
Egypt has one of the longest histories of any country, tracing its heritage along the Nile Delta back to the 6th–4th millennia BCE. Considered a cradle of civilisation , Ancient Egypt saw some of the earliest developments of writing, agriculture, urbanisation, organised religion and central government. Egypt's long and rich cultural heritage is an integral part of its national identity, which reflects its unique transcontinental location being simultaneously Mediterranean , Middle Eastern and North African . Egypt was an early and important centre of Christianity , but was largely Islamised in the seventh century. Modern Egypt dates back to 1922, when it gained independence from the British Empire as a monarchy. Following the 1952 revolution , Egypt declared itself a republic , and in 1958 it merged with Syria to form the United Arab Republic , which dissolved in 1961. Throughout the second half of the 20th century, Egypt endured social and religious strife and political instability, fighting several armed conflicts with Israel in 1948 , 1956 , 1967 and 1973 , and occupying the Gaza Strip intermittently until 1967. In 1978, Egypt signed the Camp David Accords , officially withdrawing from the Gaza Strip and recognising Israel . After the Arab Spring, which led to the 2011 Egyptian revolution and overthrow of Hosni Mubarak , the country faced a protracted period of political unrest .
Egypt is considered to be a regional power in North Africa , the Middle East and the Muslim world , and a middle power worldwide. It is a developing country having a diversified economy, which is the third-largest in Africa , the 38th-largest economy by nominal GDP and 127th by nominal GDP per capita. Egypt is a founding member of the United Nations , the Non-Aligned Movement , the Arab League , the African Union , Organisation of Islamic Cooperation and the World Youth Forum . (Full article... )
The following are images from various Egypt-related articles on Wikipedia.
Image 1 Women in Cairo wear face masks during the COVID-19 pandemic in Egypt in March 2020. (from Egypt )
Image 2 Egyptian honor guard soldiers during a visit of U.S. Navy Adm. Mike Mullen (from Egypt )
Image 3 A tomb relief depicts workers plowing the fields, harvesting the crops, and threshing the grain under the direction of an overseer, painting in the tomb of Nakht . (from Ancient Egypt )
Image 4 The Eastern Imperial Eagle is the national animal of Egypt. (from Egypt )
Image 5 Smoke rises from oil tanks beside the Suez Canal hit during the initial Anglo-French assault on Egypt, 5 November 1956. (from Egypt )
Image 6 Lower-class occupations (from Ancient Egypt )
Image 7 An offshore platform in the Darfeel Gas Field (from Egypt )
Image 8 Rectangular fishpond with ducks and lotus planted round with date palms and fruit trees, in a fresco from the Tomb of Nebamun , Thebes, 18th Dynasty (from Ancient Egypt )
Image 9 The Ptolemaic Queen Cleopatra VII and her son by Julius Caesar, Caesarion , at the Temple of Dendera (from Egypt )
Image 10 Assyrian siege of an Egyptian fortified city, a scene from the Assyrian conquest of Egypt , probably referring to the capture of Memphis in 667 BC. Sculpted in 645–635 BC, under Ashurbanipal . British Museum. (from Ancient Egypt )
Image 12 A figure wearing the red crown of Lower Egypt and whose face appears to reflect the features of the reigning king, most probably Amenemhat II or Senwosret II . It functioned as a divine guardian for the imiut , and it is wearing a divine kilt, which suggests that the statuette was not merely a representation of the living ruler. (from Ancient Egypt )
Image 13 Egypt's topography (from Egypt )
Image 14 The Fayum mummy portraits epitomize the meeting of Egyptian and Roman cultures. (from Ancient Egypt )
Image 16 Ancient Egyptians playing music (from Egypt )
Image 17 Tutankhamun's burial mask is one of the major attractions of the Egyptian Museum of Cairo. (from Egypt )
Image 18 Egypt under Muhammad Ali dynasty (from Egypt )
Image 19 Prominent Egyptian dissident Alaa Abd El-Fattah was sentenced to five years of imprisonment in December 2021. (from Egypt )
Image 20 The Egyptian Museum of Cairo (from Egypt )
Image 21 Tanoura dancers performing in Wekalet El Ghoury, Cairo (from Egypt )
Image 22 The Rosetta Stone (c. 196 BC) enabled linguists to begin the process of deciphering ancient Egyptian scripts . (from Ancient Egypt )
Image 24 Four colossal statues of Ramesses II flank the entrance of his temple Abu Simbel (from Ancient Egypt )
Image 26 Map of ancient Egypt, showing major cities and sites of the Dynastic period (c. 3150 BC to 30 BC) (from Ancient Egypt )
Image 27 Egyptian President Gamal Abdel Nasser in Mansoura, 1960 (from Egypt )
Image 28 Change in per capita GDP of Egypt, 1820–2018. Figures are inflation-adjusted to 2011 International dollars. (from Egypt )
Image 29 Seagoing ship from Hateshepsut's Deir el-Bahari temple relief of a Punt Expedition (from Ancient Egypt )
Image 30 The High Court of Justice in Downtown Cairo (from Egypt )
Image 31 The Seated Scribe from Saqqara , Fifth dynasty of Egypt ; scribes were elite and well educated. They assessed taxes, kept records, and were responsible for administration. (from Ancient Egypt )
Image 32 The Cairo Metro (line 2) (from Egypt )
Image 33 Hunting game birds and plowing a field. Depiction on a burial chamber from c. 2700 BC . Tomb of Nefermaat and his wife Itet . (from Ancient Egypt )
Image 34 Egyptian tanks advancing in the Sinai desert during the Yom Kippur War , 1973 (from Egypt )
Image 35 A crowd at Cairo Stadium watching the Egypt national football team (from Egypt )
Image 36 Female nationalists demonstrating in Cairo , 1919 (from Egypt )
Image 37 Sennedjem plows his fields with a pair of oxen, used as beasts of burden and a source of food, a depiction of Aaru from Dayr al-Madīnah . (from Ancient Egypt )
Image 39 Arabic calligraphy has seen its golden age in Cairo . This adornment and beads being sold in Muizz Street (from Culture of Egypt )
Image 40 Glassmaking was a highly developed art. (from Ancient Egypt )
Image 41 Edwin Smith surgical papyrus (c. 16th century BC ), written in hieratic , describes anatomy and medical treatments. (from Ancient Egypt )
Image 42 The Amr ibn al-As mosque in Cairo, recognized as the oldest in Africa (from Egypt )
Image 43 The Al-Hakim Mosque in Cairo, of Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah , the sixth caliph, as renovated by Dawoodi Bohra (from Egypt )
Image 44 Painted limestone relief of a noble member of Ancient Egyptian society during the New Kingdom (from Ancient Egypt )
Image 45 The Suez Canal (from Egypt )
Image 46 Cairo grew into a metropolitan area with a population of over 20 million. (from Egypt )
Image 47 Salah Zulfikar , film star (from Egypt )
Image 48 Egyptian literacy rate among the population aged 15 years and older by UNESCO Institute of Statistics (from Egypt )
Image 49 The Giza Necropolis is the oldest of the ancient Wonders and the only one still in existence. (from Egypt )
Image 50 Tutankhamun charging enemies on his chariot , 18th dynasty. (from Ancient Egypt )
Image 51 Ruins of Deir el-Medina (from Ancient Egypt )
Image 52 Statues of two pharaohs of Egypt's Twenty-Fifth Dynasty and several other Kushite kings. From left to right: Tantamani , Taharqa (rear), Senkamanisken , again Tantamani (rear), Aspelta , Anlamani , again Senkamanisken. Kerma Museum . (from Ancient Egypt )
Image 53 The "weighing of the heart" scene from the Book of the Dead (from Egypt )
Image 54 Ostrakon : hunting a lion with spear and dog (from Ancient Egypt )
Image 56 Naguib Mahfouz , the first Arabic-language writer to win the Nobel Prize in Literature (from Egypt )
Image 57 Temple of Derr ruins in 1960 (from Egypt )
Image 58 President el-Sisi with US President Joe Biden , 11 November 2022 (from Egypt )
Image 59 Tourists riding an Arabian camel in front of Pyramid of Khafre . The Giza Necropolis is one of Egypt's main tourist attractions. (from Egypt )
Image 60 Khafre enthroned (from Ancient Egypt )
Image 61 Anubis was the ancient Egyptian god associated with mummification and burial rituals; here, he attends to a mummy. (from Ancient Egypt )
Image 66 Al-Azhar Park is listed as one of the world's sixty great public spaces by the Project for Public Spaces . (from Egypt )
Image 67 The Book of the Dead was a guide to the deceased's journey in the afterlife. (from Ancient Egypt )
Image 68 Hieroglyphs on stela in Louvre , c. 1321 BC (from Ancient Egypt )
Image 69 Hatshepsut's trading expedition to the Land of Punt (from Ancient Egypt )
Image 71 Protesters from the Third Square movement, which supported neither the former Morsi government nor the Armed Forces, 31 July 2013 (from Egypt )
Image 72 Early tomb painting from Nekhen , c. 3500 BC , Naqada, possibly Gerzeh, culture (from Ancient Egypt )
Image 73 Muhammad Ali was the founder of the Muhammad Ali dynasty and the first Khedive of Egypt and Sudan . (from Egypt )
Image 74 Napoleon defeated the Mamluk troops in the Battle of the Pyramids , 21 July 1798, painted by Lejeune . (from Egypt )
Image 75 Amenemhat III, the last great ruler of the Middle Kingdom (from Ancient Egypt )
Image 76 British infantry near El Alamein , 17 July 1942 (from Egypt )
Image 77 Wooden figures found in the tomb of 11th dynasty nomarch Mesehti : Egyptian army of the 11th Dynasty (from Ancient Egypt )
Image 78 Egyptians celebrated feasts and festivals accompanied by music and dance. (from Ancient Egypt )
Image 79 Kushari , one of Egypt's national dishes (from Egypt )
Image 81 Soad Hosny , film star (from Egypt )
Image 83 The Narmer Palette depicts the unification of the Two Lands. (from Ancient Egypt )
Image 84 Smart Village , a business district established in 2001 to facilitate the growth of high-tech businesses (from Egypt )
Image 85 Green irrigated land along the Nile amidst the desert and in the delta (from Egypt )
Image 86 The Abu Haggag Mosque is integrated into the pharaonic era 14th century BC Egyptian Luxor temple , which has made it the oldest continuously used temple structure worldwide (from Ancient Egypt )
Image 87 The gods Osiris , Anubis , and Horus in the tomb of Horemheb (KV57 ) in the Valley of the Kings. (from Ancient Egypt )
Image 88 The pyramids of Giza are among the most recognizable symbols of ancient Egyptian civilization. (from Ancient Egypt )
Image 89 Measuring and recording the harvest is shown in a wall painting in the tomb of Menna , at Thebes (Eighteenth Dynasty). (from Ancient Egypt )
Image 90 The Qattara Depression in Egypt's north west (from Egypt )
Image 91 The pharaoh was usually depicted wearing symbols of royalty and power. (from Ancient Egypt )
Image 92 Pharaohs' tombs were provided with vast quantities of wealth, such as the golden mask from the mummy of Tutankhamun . (from Ancient Egypt )
Image 93 The Weighing of the Heart from the Book of the Dead of Ani (from Egypt )
Image 94 A typical Naqada II jar decorated with gazelles (Predynastic Period) (from Ancient Egypt )
Image 95 Egypt's population density (people per km2 ) (from Egypt )
Image 96 Menna and Family Hunting in the Marshes, Tomb of Menna, 14th Century BC. (from Ancient Egypt )
Cleopatra VII Thea Philopator (Koinē Greek : Κλεοπάτρα Θεά Φιλοπάτωρ lit. Cleopatra "father-loving goddess"; 70/69 BC – 10 August 30 BC) was Queen of the Ptolemaic Kingdom of Egypt from 51 to 30 BC, and its last active ruler. A member of the Ptolemaic dynasty , she was a descendant of its founder Ptolemy I Soter , a Macedonian Greek general and companion of Alexander the Great . After the death of Cleopatra , Egypt became a province of the Roman Empire , marking the end of the last Hellenistic-period state in the Mediterranean and of the age that had lasted since the reign of Alexander (336–323 BC). Her first language was Koine Greek and she is the only known Ptolemaic ruler to learn the Egyptian language .
In 58 BC, Cleopatra presumably accompanied her father,
Ptolemy XII Auletes , during his exile to Rome after a revolt in Egypt (a
Roman client state ) allowed his rival daughter
Berenice IV to claim his throne. Berenice was killed in 55 BC when Ptolemy returned to Egypt with Roman military assistance. When he died in 51 BC, the joint
reign of Cleopatra and her brother
Ptolemy XIII began, but a falling-out between them led to open
civil war . After losing the 48 BC
Battle of Pharsalus in
Greece against his rival
Julius Caesar (a
Roman dictator and
consul ) in
Caesar's civil war , the
Roman statesman
Pompey fled to Egypt. Pompey had been a political ally of Ptolemy XII, but Ptolemy XIII, at the urging of his court
eunuchs , had Pompey ambushed and killed before Caesar arrived and occupied
Alexandria . Caesar then attempted to reconcile the rival Ptolemaic siblings, but Ptolemy's chief adviser,
Potheinos , viewed Caesar's terms as favoring Cleopatra, so
his forces besieged her and Caesar at the palace . Shortly after the siege was lifted by reinforcements, Ptolemy XIII died in the
Battle of the Nile ; Cleopatra's half-sister
Arsinoe IV was eventually exiled to
Ephesus for her role in carrying out the siege. Caesar declared Cleopatra and her brother
Ptolemy XIV joint rulers but maintained a private affair with Cleopatra that produced a son,
Caesarion . Cleopatra traveled to Rome as a client queen in 46 and 44 BC, where she stayed at Caesar's
villa . After
Caesar's assassination , followed shortly afterwards by that of Ptolemy XIV (on Cleopatra's orders), she named Caesarion co-ruler as
Ptolemy XV . (
Full article... )
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