Ophioglossum
| Ophioglossum | |
|---|---|
| |
| Ophioglossum vulgatum | |
Scientific classification 
| |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Clade: | Tracheophytes |
| Division: | Polypodiophyta |
| Class: | Polypodiopsida |
| Order: | Ophioglossales |
| Family: | Ophioglossaceae |
| Subfamily: | Ophioglossoideae |
| Genus: | Ophioglossum L.[1] |
| Type species | |
| Ophioglossum vulgatum L.
| |
| Species | |
|
See text | |
| Synonyms[2] | |
| |
Ophioglossum, the adder's-tongue ferns, is a genus of about 50 species of ferns in the family Ophioglossaceae. The name Ophioglossum comes from the Greek meaning "snake-tongue".[3] Their cosmopolitan distribution is mainly in tropical and subtropical habitats.[3]
The genus has the largest number of chromosomes in the known plant kingdom, but contrary to popular belief does not have the largest number of chromosomes out of all known organisms, falling short to the protist Sterkiella histriomuscorum.
Description[edit]
Adders-tongues are so-called because the spore-bearing stalk is thought to resemble a snake's tongue. Each plant typically sends up a small, undivided leaf blade with netted venation, and the spore stalk forks from the leaf stalk, terminating in sporangia which are partially concealed within a structure with slit sides.[3]
When the leaf blade is present, there is not always a spore stalk present, and the plants do not always send up a leaf, sometimes going for a year to a period of years living only under the soil, nourished by association with soil fungi.
The plant grows from a central, budding, fleshy structure with fleshy, radiating roots.
Ophioglossum malviae is known as the world's smallest terrestrial fern.[4]
Taxonomy[edit]
Ophioglossum has a high chromosome count in comparison to other species, with 120 or up to 720 chromosomes possible in intervals of 120 due to polyploidy (multiple possible copies of chromosomes). It has almost 1260 number of chromosomes in the meiocyte (spore mother cell) which undergo meiosis, the reduction division to form the spore with only one set of chromosomes getting incorporated into each spore.[5] The species Ophioglossum reticulatum has the highest number of chromosomes found in any multicellular organism.[6]
Phylogeny[edit]
Phylogeny of Ophioglossum[7][8]
| Ophioglossum |
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| s.l. |
Species[edit]
As of December 2021[update], World Ferns listed the following species:[2]
- Goswamia
- Ophioglossum costatum R.Br
- Ophioglossum eliminatum Khand. & Goswamy – status uncertain
- Ophioglossum gomezianum Welw. ex A.Braun
- Ophioglossum gujaratensis S.M.Patil et al.
- Ophioglossum hitkishorei M.Patel & M.N.Reddy
- Ophioglossum indicum B.L.Yadav & H.K.Goswami
- Ophioglossum isanensis Petchsri, Li Bing Zhang & Jaruwatt.
- Ophioglossum malviae M.Patel & M.N.Reddy
- Ophioglossum nudicaule L.fil.
- Ophioglossum raphaelianum Anto et al.
- Ophioglossum rubellum Welw. ex A.Braun
- Ophioglossum trilokinathii B.L.Yadav, Meghvansi, Meena & Gena
- Haukia
- Ophioglossum crotalophoroides Walter
- Ophioglossum opacum R.Br.
- Ophioglossum tuberosum Hook. & Arn.
- Whittieria
- Ophioglossum engelmannii Prantl
- Ophioglossum s.s.
- Ophioglossum ammophilum C.D.Adams – sometimes included in O. gomezianum
- Ophioglossum austroasiaticum Nishida – possibly a synonym of O. reticulatum
- Ophioglossum azoricum C.Presl
- Ophioglossum californicum Prantl
- Ophioglossum caroticaule J.E.Burrows
- Ophioglossum convexum J.E.Burrows
- Ophioglossum coriaceum A.Cunn.
- Ophioglossum fernandezianum C.Chr. – doubtful species
- Ophioglossum × giovanninii Peruzzi, Pierini, Magrini, Marchetti & Viane
- Ophioglossum gracile J.E.Burrows ex Pocock – may be included in O. gramineum
- Ophioglossum gracillimum Welw. ex Hook. & Baker
- Ophioglossum gramineum Willd.
- Ophioglossum harrisii Underw.
- Ophioglossum jaykrishnae S.M.Patil, S.K.Patel, Raole & K.S.Rajput – provisionally accepted name
- Ophioglossum kawamurae Tagawa
- Ophioglossum lancifolium C.Presl
- Ophioglossum latifolium (Prantl) J.E.Burrows
- Ophioglossum lineare Schltr. & Brause – possibly a synonym of O. parvifolium
- Ophioglossum louisii Taton
- Ophioglossum lusitanicum L.
- Ophioglossum lusoafricanum Welw. ex Prantl
- Ophioglossum melipillense J.Rémy
- Ophioglossum namegatae M.Nishida & Kurita – probably a synonym of O. petiolatum
- Ophioglossum oblongum H.G.Zhou & H.Li
- Ophioglossum parvifolium Hook. & Grev.
- Ophioglossum parvum M.Nishida & Kurita
- Ophioglossum petiolatum Hook.
- Ophioglossum × pierinii Peruzzi, Magrini, Marchetti & Viane
- Ophioglossum polyphyllum A.Braun
- Ophioglossum × pseudoazoricum Peruzzi, Pierini, Magrini, Marchetti & Viane
- Ophioglossum pusillum Raf.
- Ophioglossum reticulatum L.
- Ophioglossum sandieae J.E.Burrows
- Ophioglossum scariosum Clausen
- Ophioglossum thermale Kom.
- Ophioglossum thomasii Clausen
- Ophioglossum vulgatum L.
- Ophioglossum yongrenense Ching ex Z.R.He & W.M.Chu
Species that may be placed in this genus include:[2]
- Ophioglossum bergianum Schltdl. = Rhizoglossum bergianum
- Ophioglossum falcatum (Presl) Fowler = Ophioderma falcatum
- Ophioglossum intermedium Hook. = Ophioderma intermedium
- Ophioglossum simplex Ridley = Ophioderma simplex
References[edit]
- ^ "Ophioglossum". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 22 April 2020.
- ^ a b c Hassler, Michael (2004–2021). "Genus Ophioglossum L." World Ferns. Synonymic Checklist and Distribution of Ferns and Lycophytes of the World. Version 12.8. Retrieved 2021-12-22.
- ^ a b c eFloras: Ophioglossum accessed 14 February 2014.
- ^ Discovery of the World’s Smallest Terrestrial Pteridophyte
- ^ Lukhtanov, Vladimir (2015-07-10). "The blue butterfly Polyommatus (Plebicula) atlanticus (Lepidoptera, Lycaenidae) holds the record of the highest number of chromosomes in the non-polyploid eukaryotic organisms". Comparative Cytogenetics. 9 (4): 683–690. doi:10.3897/compcytogen.v9i4.5760. PMC 4698580. PMID 26753083.
- ^ Genome size expansion and the relationship between nuclear DNA content and spore size in the Asplenium monanthes fern complex (Aspleniaceae)
- ^ Nitta, Joel H.; Schuettpelz, Eric; Ramírez-Barahona, Santiago; Iwasaki, Wataru; et al. (2022). "An Open and Continuously Updated Fern Tree of Life". Frontiers in Plant Science. 13: 909768. doi:10.3389/fpls.2022.909768. PMC 9449725. PMID 36092417.
- ^ "Tree viewer: interactive visualization of FTOL". FTOL v1.5.0 [GenBank release 256]. 2023. Retrieved 17 August 2023.
External links[edit]
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