Methylophaga muralis
| Methylophaga muralis | |
|---|---|
Scientific classification 
| |
| Domain: | Bacteria |
| Phylum: | Pseudomonadota |
| Class: | Gammaproteobacteria |
| Order: | Thiotrichales |
| Family: | Piscirickettsiaceae |
| Genus: | Methylophaga |
| Species: | M. muralis
|
| Binomial name | |
| Methylophaga muralis Doronina et al., 2011[1]
| |
| Type strain | |
| Kr3 VKM B-2303 NCIMB 13993 | |
| Synonyms | |
| |
Methylophaga muralis is a species of Pseudomonadota. It is capable of surviving in saline and alkaline environments and can obtain its carbon from methanol. This species was originally discovered in crumbling marble in the Moscow Kremlin; it has also been found in a soda lake in Buryatia.
Taxonomic history and etymology[edit]
This species was discovered in scrapings from deteriorating marble monuments in the crypts of the Moscow Kremlin.[2][3] It was originally named M. murata in its 2005 species description by Russian Academy of Sciences microbiologist Yury Alexandrovich Trotsenko and colleagues,[2] but was renamed in 2011 to M. muralis.[1][4] The type strain, Kr3, was deposited in the All-Russia Collection of Microorganisms (VKM) and the National Collection of Industrial and Marine Bacteria (NCIMB) culture collections.[2]
The specific epithet muralis is a Latin adjective meaning "of or belonging to a wall".[1][5] Its original specific epithet, murata, means "surrounded by walls".[6]
Distribution and habitat[edit]
The type strain Kr3 was extracted in Moscow from marble with a pH of 9.1.[2] M. muralis is an example of an endolith, being able to live on rock.[7] Another strain, named Bur 1, was isolated from a soda lake in Khilganta, Buryatia, Russia.[8][9]
The bacteria grows in temperatures of 0–42 °C (32–108 °F), a pH of 6–11, and a sodium chloride concentration of 0.05–3 moles per liter; although the optimal habitat is a temperature of 20–32 °C (68–90 °F), a pH of 8–9, and a sodium chloride concentration of 0.5–1.5 mol/L. It can survive being heated to 70 °C (158 °F), being frozen, or being freeze-dried. As this species is adapted to saline and alkaline environments, it is considered both halophilic and alkaliphilic.[2]
Description and biology[edit]
M. muralis cells are rod-shaped, with a width of 0.7 µm and a length of 1.7–2.0 µm. Each cell has a flagellum at one of its poles.[2]
This species is methylotrophic, meaning it can utilize carbon from one-carbon molecules like methanol and methylamine, although it also obtains carbon from trimethylamine, and fructose. It is an aerobic organism; in addition to requiring oxygen, it also needs vitamin B12 and sodium ions to grow. It is gram-negative, like all Pseudomonadota. Reproduction is done via binary fission; it does not make spores.[2]
Its main fatty acids are palmitic acid, palmitoleic acid, and octadecanoic acid. The main phospholipids are phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, and cardiolipin.[2] Ectoine, glutamate, and, to a lesser extent, sucrose act as osmoprotectants.[2]
Phylogeny[edit]
Plymouth University microbiologist Rich Boden, using the Tamura–Nei model, has argued on the basis of 16S ribosomal RNA that M. muralis, M. alcalica, and M. lonarensis form a clade to the exclusion of other Methylophaga species including type species of the genus, M. marina.[10] In 2013, INRS microbiologist Richard Villemur and colleagues added their newly described species M. nitratireducenticrescens and M. frappieri to this clade based on 16S rRNA analysis as well.[11] All of the species in this clade are alkaliphilic.[10][11]
References[edit]
- ^ a b c Euzéby, Jean, ed. (2011). "Validation List no. 138: List of new names and new combinations previously effectively, but not validly, published". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 61 (3): 475–476. doi:10.1099/ijs.0.032003-0.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j Doronina, N. V.; Lee, Ts. D.; Ivanova, E. G.; Trotsenko, Yu. A. (2005). "Methylophaga murata sp. nov.: a Haloalkaliphilic Aerobic Methylotroph from Deteriorating Marble". Microbiology. 74 (4): 440–447. doi:10.1007/s11021-005-0086-8. S2CID 8003586.
- ^ Trotsenko, Yu. A.; Doronina, N. V.; Li, Ts. D.; Reshetnikov, A. S. (2007). "Moderately haloalkaliphilic aerobic methylobacteria". Microbiology. 76 (3): 253–265. doi:10.1134/S0026261707030010. PMID 17633404. S2CID 10652983.
- ^ Boden, Rich (2017). "Editorial: Stewardship—in praise of thankless tasks and the respecting of Wombles". FEMS Microbiology Letters. 364 (5): fnx041. doi:10.1093/femsle/fnx041. PMID 28364734.
- ^ Lewis, Charlton T.; Short, Charles (1879). "mūrālis". Harper's Latin Dictionary: A New Latin Dictionary Founded on the Translation of Freund's Latin-German Lexicon. A Latin Dictionary. New York: Harper & Brothers. p. 1177.
- ^ Glare, P. G. W.; et al., eds. (1968). "mūrātus". Oxford Latin Dictionary. Oxford University Press. p. 1147.
- ^ Banciu, Horia Leonard (2013). "Diversity of endolithic prokaryotes living in stone monuments" (PDF). Studia Universitatis Babeș-Bolyai, Biologia. 58 (1): 104–105. doi:10.5038/1937-8602.58.1. Archived (PDF) from the original on 19 November 2017.
- ^ Trotsenko, Yuri A.; Shmareva, Maria N.; Doronina, Nina V.; Tarlachkov, Sergey V.; Mustakhimov, Ildar I.; Vasilenko, Oleg V. (2016). "Draft Genome Sequence of Methylophaga muralis Bur 1, a Haloalkaliphilic (Non-Methane-Utilizing) Methylotroph Isolated from a Soda Lake". Genome Announcements. 4 (6): e01227-16. doi:10.1128/genomeA.01227-16. PMC 5095476. PMID 27811106.
- ^ Shmareva, M. N.; Doronina, N. V.; Tarlachkov, S. V.; Vasilenko, O. V.; Trotsenko, Yu. A. (2018). "Methylophaga muralis Bur 1, a haloalkaliphilic methylotroph isolated from the Khilganta soda lake (Southern Transbaikalia, Buryat Republic)". Microbiology. 87 (1): 33–46. doi:10.1134/S0026261718010162. S2CID 28329775.
- ^ a b Boden, Rich (2011). "Emended description of the genus Methylophaga Janvier et al. 1985". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 62 (7): 1644–1646. doi:10.1099/ijs.0.033639-0. PMID 21890722.
- ^ a b Villeneuve, Céline; Martineau, Christine; Mauffrey, Florian; Villemur, Richard (2013). "Methylophaga nitratireducenticrescens sp. nov. and Methylophaga frappieri sp. nov., isolated from the biofilm of the methanol-fed denitrification system treating the seawater at the Montreal Biodome". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 63 (6): 2216–2222. doi:10.1099/ijs.0.044545-0. PMID 23148104.
External links[edit]
Further reading[edit]
- Doronina, N. V.; Torgonskaya, M. L.; Fedorov, D. N.; Trotsenko, Yu. A. (2015). "Aerobic methylobacteria as promising objects of modern biotechnology (Review)". Applied Biochemistry and Microbiology. 51 (2): 125–134. doi:10.1134/S0003683815020052. S2CID 15532355.