List of Brutalist architecture in the United States
This is a list of buildings that are examples of the Brutalist architectural style in the United States.
Alabama[edit]
- University Chapel, Tuskegee University, Tuskegee
Alaska[edit]
- Z.J. Loussac Public Library, Anchorage (1986)
Arizona[edit]
- Phoenix Symphony Hall, Phoenix
Arkansas[edit]
- Bank of America Plaza, Little Rock[1]
California[edit]
- All original Bay Area Rapid Transit (BART) stations, San Francisco Bay Area (1972–73)
- Berkeley Art Museum and Pacific Film Archive (former campus on Bancroft Way), UC Berkeley, (Mario Ciampi, 1970)[2]: 30
- Briggs Hall, University of California, Davis (unknown, 1971) (Smith Barker Hanssen, architects)
- Cal Poly Pomona College of Environmental Design
- Campus of the University of California, Irvine
- Cathedral of St. Mary of the Assumption, San Francisco[2]: 31
- Cathedral of Our Lady of the Angels, Los Angeles[2]: 34
- Crafton Hills Community College, Yucaipa[2]: 36
- Earl Warren College
- Embarcadero Substation, San Francisco[2]: 32
- Evans Hall (UC Berkeley)
- Geisel Library, University of California, San Diego, San Diego (William Pereira, 1970)[2]: 37
- Hilton San Francisco Financial District
- Huntington Beach Public Library
- Hyatt Regency San Francisco Airport
- Inglewood City Hall, Inglewood, California
- Irvine High School
- Oakland Museum of California, Oakland (Kevin Roche, 1969)
- Portsmouth Square pedestrian bridge
- Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla[2]: 37
- Sam Bell Pavilion, La Jolla[2]: 36
- Samitaur, Los Angeles[2]: 35
- San Diego Stadium, San Diego, (Frank L. Hope & Associates, 1967)[3] (demolished)
- Sears, Roebuck and Company Pacific Coast Territory Administrative Offices, Alhambra[2]: 35
- Sheats Goldstein House, Los Angeles[2]: 33
- St. Basil's Catholic Church, Los Angeles[2]: 32
- UC Berkeley College of Environmental Design, Baur-Wurster Hall Berkeley, Vernon DeMars, (1964)
- Vaillancourt Fountain, Justin Herman Plaza, San Francisco (Armand Vaillancourt, 1971)[2]: 31
- Yosemite Hall, Cal Poly, San Luis Obispo, San Luis Obispo (Falk & Booth, 1969)[4]
Colorado[edit]
- Arapahoe Community College, Littleton (1974)[2]: 38
- Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City Denver Branch, Denver[2]: 38
- Mesa Laboratory, Boulder (1966)[2]: 39
- Engineering Center, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder (1965)
Connecticut[edit]
- Becton Engineering and Applied Science Center, Yale University, New Haven[2]: 69
- Beinecke Rare Book & Manuscript Library, New Haven
- Community Services Building, New Haven[2]: 67
- Crawford Manor
- Dixwell Avenue Congregational United Church of Christ
- Ezra Stiles and Samuel Morse Colleges, Yale University, New Haven[2]: 68
- Homer D. Babbidge Library
- Hotel Marcel (former Pirelli Tire Building), New Haven (Marcel Breuer & Robert F. Gatje, 1969)[2]: 69
- Kline Biology Tower
- Knights of Columbus Building, New Haven[2]: 72
- Louis Micheels House
- New Haven Central Fire Station, New Haven[2]: 68
- New Haven Coliseum, New Haven (Kevin Roche / John Dinkeloo & Associates, 1972) (demolished 2006–2007)
- Rudolph Hall, New Haven (Paul Rudolph, 1963)[2]: 70–71
- Temple Street Parking Garage, New Haven[2]: 72
Delaware[edit]
- I. M. Pei Building, Wilmington[5]
Florida[edit]
- 1111 Lincoln Road, Miami[2]: 99
- Disney's Contemporary Resort, Walt Disney World (Welton Becket, 1971)
- Mailman Center for Child Development, Miami[2]: 98
- Metrorail stations, early 1980s heavy metro system (1984)[citation needed]
- Miami-Dade County School Board Administration Building South Tower, Miami[2]: 99
- Office in the Grove, Coconut Grove, Miami (Kenneth Treister, 1972)
- Orlando Public Library, Orlando (John M. Johansen, 1966)
- The University of Florida Levin College of Law
- National Hurricane Center headquarters, Miami
Georgia[edit]
- AmericasMart Building 3, Atlanta[2]: 98
- Atlanta Central Library, Atlanta[2]: 97
- Atlanta Marriott Marquis, Atlanta
- CNN Center, Atlanta
- Colony Square, Atlanta
- Park Place on Peachtree condominiums, Atlanta (Ted Levy, 1984–1987)
DeKalb County[edit]
Structures include:[6]
- Southern Bell Telephone & Telegraph Co., 2204 LaVista Road NE (ca. 1970)
- Robert T. "Bobby" Burgess Building, DeKalb County Police Department, 3610 Camp Drive (1972)
- First National Bank of Atlanta, 2849 N. Druid Hills Road NE (ca. 1973)
- Clairemont Oaks, 441 Clairemont Avenue (1973-1975)
- DeKalb County Parking Deck, 125 W. Trinity Place (1974)
- Brevard Professional Building, 246 Sycamore Street (1974)
- Woodruff Health Sciences Center Administrative Building (WHSCAB) at Emory University, 1440 Clifton Road (1976)
- Emory Rehabilitation Hospital, 1441 Clifton Road (1976)
- Coan Recreation Center, 1530 Woodbine Avenue SE (1976)
- Bank of America, 155 Clairemont Avenue (ca. 1982)
- Kensington Marta Station, 3350 Kensington Road (1993)
Hawaii[edit]
- Hawaii State Capitol[2]: 24–25
- Hawai'i Hochi Building
- Jefferson Hall, East–West Center[2]: 26
Idaho[edit]
- Intermountain Gas Building, Boise[7]
- Whiting House, Sun Valley[8]
Illinois[edit]
- Arthur J. Schmitt Academic Center, DePaul University. Chicago (C.F. Murphy and Associates, 1968)[9][10][2]: 52
- Blue Cross-Blue Shield Building
- Cummings Life Sciences Center, Chicago[2]: 52
- Faner Hall (SIUC), Southern Illinois University Carbondale, Carbondale (1974)
- Henry Hinds Laboratory, Chicago[2]: 53
- Joseph Regenstein Library, University of Chicago (Walter Netsch, 1970)[2]: 54
- Kirsch Residence, Oak Park[2]: 49
- Lincoln Executive Plaza, Chicago[2]: 54
- Marina City, Chicago[2]: 50
- Metropolitan Correctional Center, Chicago[2]: 52
- Norris University Center
- Northwestern University Library, Evanston, (Walter Netsch, 1966–70)[2]: 49
- Old Prentice Women's Hospital Building[2]: 51
- Raymond Hilliard Homes, Chicago[2]: 50 * Thomas Rees Memorial Carillon, Washington Park, Springfield, Bill Turley, (1962)
- University Hall (University of Illinois Chicago)
- Will County Courthouse, Joliet (1969)[11]
Indiana[edit]
- Bracken Library
- Clowes Memorial Hall, Butler University, Indianapolis, Evans Woollen III and John M. Johansen, (1963)[2]: 55
- College Life Insurance Company of America Headquarters, Indianapolis[2]: 56
- Eskenazi Museum of Art, Bloomington (I. M. Pei, 1982)
- Herman B. Wells Library, Indiana University, Bloomington (Eggers & Higgins, 1966–69)
- Indiana University Musical Arts Center, Indiana University, Bloomington (Woollen, Molzan and Partners, 1972)
- Minton–Capehart Federal Building, Indianapolis (Evans Woollen III, Woollen, Molzan and Partners, 1976)[12]
- Southside Junior High School, Columbus[2]: 56
Iowa[edit]
Kansas[edit]
- Wichita Central Library, Wichita (Schaefer Schirmer & Eflin Architects, 1965-1967)
- Kansas Judicial Center, Topeka[13]
Kentucky[edit]
Louisiana[edit]
Structures include[14]
- Baton Rouge River Center
- Hale Boggs Memorial Bridge
- Lafayette Parish courthouse
- Louisiana National Bank Building.
- Tangipahoa Parish courthouse
Maine[edit]
Maryland[edit]
- Baltimore County Circuit Courthouses, Towson
- Morris A. Mechanic Theatre, Baltimore (John M. Johansen, 1967) (demolished 2014)[2]: 91
Massachusetts[edit]
- 177 Huntington
- 320 Newbury Street (Boston Architectural College), Boston (Ashley, Myer & Associates, 1966)[2]: 63
- Alewife station, Cambridge (Ellenzweig, 1985)
- Boston City Hall, Boston (Kallmann McKinnell & Knowles/Campbell, Aldrich & Nulty, 1969)[2]: 64–65
- Boston Government Service Center, Boston (Paul Rudolph, 1962–71)[2]: 67
- Campus of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology
- Carpenter Center for the Visual Arts, Harvard University, Cambridge (Le Corbusier, (1962)[2]: 61
- Fall River Government Center, Fall River (1976)[2]: 62
- Fine Arts Center, University of Massachusetts, Amherst (Kevin Roche, 1975)[2]: 59
- The First Church of Christ, Scientist
- George Gund Hall, Harvard Graduate School of Design, Cambridge (John Andrews, 1972)
- George Sherman Union
- Harbor Towers
- Larsen Hall, Harvard University, Cambridge[2]: 60
- Law and Education Tower, Boston University, Boston[2]: 66
- Lawrence Public Library, Lawrence (Henneberg & Henneberg Architects, 1973)
- Lincoln House, Lincoln
- Mather House, Cambridge (Shepley, Bulfinch, Richardson and Abbot, 1971)
- Murray D. Lincoln Campus Center
- One Western Avenue, Harvard Business School, Boston[2]: 63
- Peabody Terrace
- Robert H. Goddard Library, Clark University, Worcester (John M. Johansen, 1969)[2]: 60
- Simmons Hall, Cambridge[2]: 61
- Smith Campus Center
- Solomon Carter Fuller Mental Health Center, Boston (1974)
- Technology Square
- Tisch Library
- University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston
- University of Massachusetts Dartmouth, Dartmouth (Paul Rudolph)[2]: 62
- Wollaston station, Quincy (1971)
- Braintree High School, Braintree (1972)
Michigan[edit]
- Blue Cross/Blue Shield Service Center, Detroit, Michigan (Ginno Rossetti, 1971)
- Grand Traverse Performing Arts Center at Interlochen Center for the Arts, Interlochen, Michigan (1975)
- St. Francis de Sales Church, Norton Shores[2]: 55
Minnesota[edit]
- Arvonne Fraser Library
- Malcolm Moos Health Sciences Tower, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis (c. 1970)
- Peavey Plaza
- Phillips-Wangensteen Building, University of Minnesota Hospital, Minneapolis (1976)
- Rarig Center[2]: 46
- Riverside Plaza, Minneapolis (Ralph Rapson, 1973)
- Saint John's Abbey, Collegeville (1958-1961)[2]: 45
Mississippi[edit]
- Lamar Law Center, University of Mississippi[15]
- St. Richard's Catholic Church, Jackson[16]
- Tougaloo College, Jackson[17]
- A.A. Branch Hall
- L. Zenobia Coleman Library
- Renner Hall
Missouri[edit]
- Nestlé Purina PetCare Headquarters
- Roy Blunt Hall at Missouri State University
Montana[edit]
- Montana State University Billings Liberal Arts Building
Nebraska[edit]
- Robert V. Denney Federal Building
- Wells Fargo Center, Lincoln, NE (I.M. Pei, 1975)
Nevada[edit]
- William D. Carlson Education Building, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Las Vegas[18]
New Hampshire[edit]
- Christensen Hall, University of New Hampshire, Durham (Ulrich Franzen, 1970)[19]
- Phillips Exeter Academy Library, Exeter[2]: 59
New Jersey[edit]
- 550 Broad Street
- Galaxy Towers
- Journal Square Transportation Center, Jersey City, New Jersey (1973–1975)
New Mexico[edit]
- Farris Engineering Center, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque[2]: 39
- Humanities Building, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque[2]: 40
- Main Library, Albuquerque (George Pearl, 1978) – listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2019.[20]
- Spaceport America, Truth or Consequences[2]: 40
New York[edit]
- Bradfield Hall, Cornell University, Ithaca[2]: 78
- Buffalo City Court Building, Buffalo (1974)[2]: 75
- Cube House, Ithaca[2]: 78
- Empire State Plaza, Albany
- Cultural Education Center (1976-1978)
- The Egg[2]: 79
- Endo Pharmaceuticals Building, Garden City[2]: 89
- Engineering Building, Binghamton University, Vestal (1976)
- Erie Basin Observation Tower, Buffalo[2]: 76
- Everson Museum of Art, Syracuse[2]: 79
- First Unitarian Church, Rochester[2]: 76
- Folsom Library, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy (Pierik Quinlivan & Krause, 1976)
- Herbert F. Johnson Museum of Art, Cornell University, Ithaca (I.M. Pei, 1973)[2]: 77
- Hudson River Museum, Yonkers
- J. W. Chorley Elementary School, Middletown
- Orange County Government Center, Goshen (Paul Rudolph, 1967)[2]: 80–81
- Palisades Center, West Nyack (1998)[citation needed]
New York City[edit]
- 1 Police Plaza (Gruzen and Partners, 1973)
- 811 Tenth Avenue
- 945 Madison Avenue museum building (Marcel Breuer, 1966)[2]: 86–87
- 33 Thomas Street (AT&T Long Lines Building) (John Carl Warnecke, 1974)[2]: 84
- Adam Clayton Powell Jr. State Office Building (Ifill, Johnson & Hanchard, 1974)
- Bobst Library, New York University (Philip Johnson, Richard Foster)
- Boston Road Apartments, Bronx[2]: 83
- Carman Hall, Lehman College, Bronx (1970)
- Chatham Towers, Manhattan[2]: 84
- Edward Durell Stone Townhouse, Manhattan[2]: 85
- Elmer Holmes Bobst Library
- Five Manhattan West
- Joseph Curran Building, Manhattan[2]: 85
- Kips Bay Towers
- Lincoln Square Synagogue, Manhattan[2]: 82
- Morrisania Air Rights
- New Museum, Manhattan[2]: 88
- New York Presbyterian Church, Queens[2]: 89
- New York Marriott Marquis
- North Central Bronx Hospital
- River Park Towers
- St. Frances de Chantal's Church
- St. John the Baptist Church
- St. Jude Church
- Temple Israel of the City of New York
- Tracey Towers
- Trinity Chapel, New York University
- University Village
- Waterside Plaza
- Weiss Research Building, Manhattan[2]: 82
North Carolina[edit]
- Bath Building, Raleigh[2]: 96
- Elion-Hitchings Building (Burroughs Wellcome headquarters), Durham (1971, demolished)[2]: 96
- Hiram H. Ward Federal Courthouse, Winston-Salem
North Dakota[edit]
- Our Lady of the Annunciation Chapel at Annunciation Priory, Bismarck, North Dakota
Ohio[edit]
- Bricker Federal Building, Columbus
- Cleveland Museum of Art Education Wing, Cleveland[2]: 57
- Continental Center, Columbus
- Crosley Tower, Cincinnati[2]: 58
- Hamilton County Justice Center, Cincinnati
- Huntington Plaza, Columbus
- Hyatt Regency Columbus, Columbus
- John F. Seiberling Federal Building and United States Courthouse, Akron
- Justice Center Complex, Cleveland
- Maag Library, Youngstown State University, Youngstown (1976)[21]
- The Ohio History Center, Columbus, (W. Byron Ireland & Associates, 1966)[2]: 58
- Rhodes State Office Tower, Columbus
- Rhodes Tower, Cleveland
- Seeley G. Mudd Learning Center, Oberlin College Library, Oberlin (Warner, Burns, Toan & Lunde, 1974)[2]: 57
- Sheraton Columbus Hotel at Capitol Square, Columbus
- The 9 Cleveland, Cleveland
Oklahoma[edit]
- Mummers Theater, Oklahoma City (demolished)[2]: 41
Oregon[edit]
Pennsylvania[edit]
- 1700 Market
- Benedum Hall
- Carnegie Library of Pittsburgh – Knoxville Branch, Pittsburgh (Paul Schweikher, 1965)
- Century III Mall, West Mifflin (1979)
- Charles Patterson Van Pelt Library, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia[2]: 90
- Jennie King Mellon Library, Chatham University, Pittsburgh[2]: 90
- Main Hall, West Chester University, West Chester (1974) [22] [23]
- Penn Mutual Tower, Philadelphia
- University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh
- Barco Law Building (1976)
- David Lawrence Hall (1968)
- Hillman Library (1968)
- Litchfield Towers (Deeter & Ritchey, 1963)
- School of Information Sciences Building (Tasso Katselas, 1965)
- Wesley W. Posvar Hall (1975–1978)
- Wean Hall, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh (1971)
Puerto Rico[edit]
- Bayamón City Hall, Bayamón, Puerto Rico (1980)
Rhode Island[edit]
- Classical High School, Providence (1970)
- Community College of Rhode Island Knight Campus, Warwick (1972)[2]: 73
- John D. Rockefeller Jr. Library, Providence (Warner, Burns, Toan & Lunde, 1962–1964)
- John E. Fogarty Memorial Building, Providence[2]: 74
- Sciences Library (Brown University), Providence (1971)
South Carolina[edit]
South Dakota[edit]
- McKennan Hospital additions, Sioux Falls[24]
- Northwestern Auto Bank, Sioux Falls[24]
- Stanley J. Marshall HPER Center, South Dakota State University[24]
Tennessee[edit]
- Chattanooga Public Library
- Hunter Museum of American Art
- Lawson McGhee Library
- Sheraton Nashville Downtown
- University of Tennessee Art and Architecture Building[25]
Texas[edit]
- Alkek Library, Texas State University, San Marcos, Texas (1990)
- Alley Theatre, Houston, Texas (1968)[2]: 44
- Dallas City Hall, Dallas, Texas (I.M. Pei, 1978)[2]: 41
- Lyndon Baines Johnson Presidential Library, Austin[2]: 44
- Lovett College, Rice University, Houston, Texas (1968)
- Perry–Castañeda Library (PCL), University of Texas at Austin, (1977)
- Webb Chapel Park Pavilion, Dallas[2]: 42–43
Utah[edit]
- Mountain Bell data processing center, Salt Lake City
- University of Utah College of Architecture and Planning[26]
Vermont[edit]
- Cathedral Church of St. Paul (Burlington, Vermont)
- Charterhouse of the Transfiguration
- Elliott Pratt Center, Goddard College, Plainfield, Vermont
Virginia[edit]
- American Press Institute (demolished)[2]: 95
- FBI Academy, Quantico, Virginia (1972)
- The National Conference Center
- Sydney Lewis Hall, Washington and Lee University School of Law, Lexington, Virginia (1977)
- Unitarian Universalist Church of Arlington
Washington[edit]
- Alhadeff Sanctuary of Temple De Hirsch, Seattle[2]: 28
- Bellevue Arts Museum, Bellevue[2]: 29
- Freeway Park, Seattle, Washington (Lawrence Halprin, 1972–1976)[2]: 27
- Kane Hall, University of Washington, Seattle (Walker & McGough, 1971)[27]
- Meany Hall, University of Washington, Seattle (Kirk, Wallace & McKinley, 1974)[27]
- Nuclear Reactor Building, University of Washington, The Architect Artist Group/TAAG, (1961)
- Odegaard Undergraduate Library, University of Washington, Seattle (Kirk, Wallace & McKinley, 1972)[27]
- Rainier Tower, Seattle[2]: 27
- Seattle Central Library, Seattle[2]: 26
- Schmitz Hall, University of Washington, Seattle[2]: 28
- St. Joseph's Hospital, Tacoma[2]: 29
- Temple Beth Shalom, Spokane[28]
Washington, D.C.[edit]
- Gelman Library, George Washington University
- Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden (Gordon Bunshaft, 1974)[2]: 91
- Hubert H. Humphrey Building, the United States Department of Health and Human Services headquarters (1977)[2]: 94
- J. Edgar Hoover Building (FBI national headquarters) (C.F. Murphy, 1974)[2]: 95
- James V. Forrestal Building
- L'Enfant Plaza – a plaza containing many US Government buildings
- Lauinger Library, Georgetown University (John Carl Warnecke, 1970)[2]: 92
- Robert C. Weaver Federal Building[2]: 92
- Third Church of Christ, Scientist (Araldo Cossutta, 1971; demolished 2014)
- Washington Metro stations (1970–2001)
- Washington Hilton
West Virginia[edit]
![[icon]](https://wiki.alquds.edu/?query=File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg){kind=small} | This section is empty. You can help by adding to it. (March 2023) |
Wisconsin[edit]
- Marcus Center for the Performing Arts, Milwaukee, Wisconsin (Harry Weese, 1966–69)
- Milwaukee County War Memorial, Milwaukee[2]: 47
- Sentry Insurance Headquarters, Stevens Point [29]
- University of Wisconsin, Madison
- Wingspread, Racine[2]: 48
Wyoming[edit]
- University of Wyoming dormitories and American Heritage Center[30]
See also[edit]
Further reading[edit]
- McLeod, Virginia; Barton, Emma, eds. (2018). Atlas of Brutalist Architecture. Phaidon Press. ISBN 978-1-83866-190-8. OCLC 1153068692.
References[edit]
- ^ "Designer of shared spaces". 13 May 2017.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw bx by bz ca cb cc cd ce cf cg ch ci cj ck cl cm cn co cp cq cr cs ct cu cv cw cx cy cz da db dc dd de df dg dh di dj dk dl dm dn McLeod, Virginia; Barton, Emma, eds. (2018). Atlas of Brutalist Architecture. Phaidon Press. ISBN 978-1-83866-190-8. OCLC 1153068692.
- ^ Showley, Roger. "The 'Q' is OK, its architect says," The San Diego Union-Tribune, Friday, November 6, 2015.
- ^ "Yosemite Hall - 114". Campus Plans and Drawings: 1–101. 27 January 1967.
- ^ "1105 North Market Street (Wilmington Tower)". 16 July 2018.
- ^ "Brutalist Architecture in DeKalb County". June 2022.
- ^ "These local architects plan to stir up some dust | Idaho Business Review". 20 March 2017.
- ^ "Whiting House". 7 March 2019.
- ^ Schmitt Academic Center (SAC) – DePaul University.
- ^ Schmitt Academic Center – Chicago Brutalism.
- ^ Downtown Joliet has style – many of them
- ^ "Biographical" Sketch in Woollen, Molzan and Partners, Inc. Architectural Records, ca. 1912–2011. Indianapolis: Indiana Historical Society. 2017. See also: Mary Ellen Gadski, "Woollen, Molzan and Partners" in David J. Bodenhamer and Robert G. Barrows, ed. (1994). The Encyclopedia of Indianapolis. Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press. pp. 1453–54. ISBN 0-253-31222-1.
- ^ pls4e (2018-07-17). "Kansas Judicial Center". SAH ARCHIPEDIA. Retrieved 2024-02-16.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ^ "Championing Louisiana's Brutalist buildings". 4 September 2019.
- ^ "Suzassippi's Mississippi: Beauty in Brutalism?". 4 December 2012.
- ^ "Mississippi's Modernist Landmarks".
- ^ "SAH Newsletter".
- ^ "William D. Carlson Education Building". 17 July 2018.
- ^ "Christensen Hall – University of New Hampshire // 1970". Buildings of New England. Retrieved 8 March 2023.
- ^ "National Register of Historic Places Inventory/Nomination: Main Library" (PDF). National Park Service. June 13, 2019.
- ^ Explaining a Building with Brutal Design
- ^ Conaway, Tony (February 2018). "Tony Conaway" (PDF). Chester County Ledger. pp. 13–14. Retrieved 24 April 2024.
- ^ "Building Summaries (Main Hall) - WCU of PA". West Chester University of Pennsylvania. Retrieved 24 April 2024.
- ^ a b c https://history.sd.gov/preservation/docs/ArchitectureofHaroldSpitznagelFirmSiouxFalls1929-1972.pdf
- ^ https://sah-archipedia.org/buildings/TN-01-093-0092
- ^ "Fine Arts and Architecture Building". 17 July 2018.
- ^ a b c "The Imposing Brutalist Grandeur Of UW's Red Square".
- ^ "Survey reveals hidden gems among Spokane's midcentury modern architecture | the Spokesman-Review".
- ^ "1800 NORTH POINT DR | Property Record". Wisconsin Historical Society. 2012-01-01. Retrieved 2023-10-18.
- ^ "University of Wyoming Campus". August 2018.
External links[edit]
Media related to Brutalist architecture in the United States at Wikimedia Commons
