LGBT history in Australia

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This article is part of a series on the
History of
Australia
Rally for Marriage Equality in Melbourne, August 2017
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This article details the history of the LGBT rights movement in Australia, from the colonial era to the present day.

The Indigenous experience[edit]

Whilst identifying as LGBT is not uncommon amongst Indigenous Australians today[1] there is no record of it being a phenomenon in pre-colonial Australian societies. Anthropologists Bill Stanner, Norman Tindale, A. P. Elkin and Ralph Piddington found evidence of polygamy[2] and other non-binary behaviours, but not of homosexuality as such. While there is no evidence of these cultures on mainland Australia, this may not confirm that homosexual and other queer behaviours and identities were absent from mainland Aboriginal Australian culture.[3]

An exception is in the Tiwi Islands. While there is not a lot of evidence that there were formal structures and formal roles within mainland Aboriginal communities in the Tiwi Islands, language that names sexual and gender diversity exists, and there is evidence that there were roles that were quite set out.[4]

Colonial period to 1951[edit]

The Hyde Park Barracks in Sydney, where some convicts identified themselves with female names

Early laws in Australia were based on then-current laws in Britain, which were inherited upon colonisation in 1788. Lesbianism was never illegal in Britain nor its colonies, including Australia. Sodomy laws, however, were part of Australian law, from 1788 through to 1994 under Human Rights (Sexual Conduct) Act 1994. The punishment for "buggery" (sodomy) was reduced from execution to life in prison in 1899.[5]

Throughout the transportation period there was a severe imbalance between the sexes, convict and free, and large numbers of convicts were kept in relative or complete isolation from the other sex. Homosexual behaviour was prevalent among Europeans in colonial Australia; Historian Robert Aldrich suggests that sodomy became more common in the 1820s and 1830s.[6] Some historians have suggested that anti-sodomy rhetoric was utilised effectively against the practice of transportation, contributing to its eventual conclusion in the 1840s, although the emergence of gold mining also led to an increase in free migration and settlement.[6]

In 1796 Francis Wilkinson became the first man to be charged with buggery (but acquitted). Class differences appear to have been involved in tolerance and indulgence of gay sex amongst convicts, with little attention paid by working-class convicts, but condemnation from middle-class or upwardly mobile transportees.[7]

In 1822 an official inquiry into the sexual scandal that resulted from the movement of thirty female prisoners to the male prison farm at Emu Plains reported the rumour that the women had been placed there to prevent "unnatural crimes" on the part of the men.

In a secret dispatch of 1843 the Lieutenant Governor of Van Diemen's Land stated that women in the Hobart female factory have "their Fancy-women, or lovers, to who they are attached with as much ardour as they would be to the opposite sex, and practice onanism to the greatest extent".[8]

Select committees of the British Parliament inquiring into racism in 1832 and 1837 heard much evidence of the prevalence of scandalism. Major James Mudie testified that the prisoners called each other "sods" and that at Hyde Park Barracks in Sydney boy prisoners went by names such as Kitty and Nancy.[9]

In 1932, an Australian tabloid, The Arrow, described the growth of the "pervert population" of Brisbane, largely men aged 18 to 25, whose activities presented "a scandal of evil almost unprecedented". It called for police action to suppress and end their gatherings. It reported clandestine weddings between gay men there: "In the last two weeks there have been two 'weddings'—ghastly, horrifying spectacles of painted men and primping lads united in a sacrilegious blasphemy that they call the 'bonds of matrimony'."[10]

In 1951, the New South Wales Crimes Act was amended to ensure that "buggery" remained a criminal act "with or without the consent of the person", removing legal loophole of consent. The government of J.J. Cahill increased arrests of male homosexuals and reopened a prison at Cooma exclusively for gay prisoners in 1957.[11]

20th century gay rights movement[edit]

While Britain's influence on Australian political culture was still strong in the fifties there was no local appetite for a political response to the Wolfenden Committee, which recommended the decriminalisation of male homosexuality in Britain in 1957. Ten years later there was little comment from any Australian public figure (state or federal) when Britain finally decriminalised homosexuality in England and Wales. Some historians have attributed this to the association of homosexuality with the 'convict stain'.[7]

However, it was in the wake of decriminalisation in Britain that the first Australian gay and lesbian rights groups were organised. The ACT Homosexual Law Reform Society, a Canberra-based organisation formed in mid 1969; and an Australian arm of the Daughters of Bilitis, formed in Melbourne in January 1970, are considered Australia's first gay rights organisations. Although, it was a Sydney organisation, the Campaign Against Moral Persecution (CAMP), founded in 1970, that was to gain the most public attention.[5]

CAMP set out to publicly campaign for political and social change, rather than focusing on law reform. This was apparent when activists John Ware and Christobell Poll announced its formation in an article on the front page of the magazine section of The Australian newspaper on 19 September 1970. CAMP was officially launched on 6 February 1971, at the first public gathering of gay women and men in Australia, which took place in a church hall in Balmain.[12] Within 12 months local CAMP groups had formed in each capital city, creating an informal gay rights network around Australia.

CAMP's first demonstration took place in October 1971 outside the Liberal Party of Australia headquarters in Sydney when a right-wing Christian fundamentalist stood against Tom Hughes for pre-selection. Tom Hughes was the federal Liberal Attorney-General and had spoken out in favour of limited homosexual law reform, so CAMP mounted a demonstration. In January 1971, the Melbourne-based gay rights organisation Society Five was formed, inspired by CAMP, and was to become the largest gay organisation in Australia during the 1970s.[13]

The emergence of this movement in the early 1970s was aided by the growing visibility of the gay and lesbian community in the Australian media. Reform of Australia's tough censorship rules by then Minister for Customs and Excise, Don Chipp, meant that by the early 1970s gay and lesbian content was no longer automatically censored. In February 1970 the first gay themed Australian film The Set was released. While in October 1970 ABC TV's This Day Tonight broadcast an interview with a lesbian couple featuring the first same-sex kiss seen on Australian television. Further exposure occurred when another ABC TV's Chequerboard program broadcast an interview with a gay couple in February 1972 and Australian TV soap opera Number 96 introduced the first sympathetic gay character, Don Finlayson, to local audiences.[citation needed]

This visibility and increasing publicity around the emergence of gay and lesbian groups in major Australian cities soon encouraged more groups to form. Additional gay and lesbian rights organisations included The Gay Teachers Group,[14] and The Homosexual Law Reform Coalition, all gay rights organisations which started in the late 1970s.[15] In May 1973 Australia's first LGBTI focused social service Phone-a-Friend was established in Sydney, which in 1978 saw the launch of Australia's first gay focused news publications The Sydney Star Observer.

However, homosexual law reform first occurred in South Australia, not New South Wales or Victoria. In 1972, in response to public outrage at the murder of University of Adelaide academic Dr George Duncan, the Dunstan Labor government introduced a consenting adults in private type reform bill. This led to a later more comprehensive reform bill introduced by Murray Hill, father of former defence minister Robert Hill. In 1975, South Australia became the first Australian state to legalise sexual conduct between consenting adult males. This action prompted other Australian jurisdictions to debate law reform for the first time, with the Australian Capital Territory following the South Australian lead in 1976.[citation needed]

In 1973 the Pink Bans were carried out by the Builders Laborers Federation to protest discrimination against gay people by universities in Sydney.[16]

In October 1973 the Australian Parliament passed a motion in favour of the decriminialization of homosexual acts between consenting adults in private. While at the same time, the Australian Medical Association removed homosexuality from its list of illnesses and disorders, two months before the American Psychiatric Association did the same.[17] Following in the wake of South Australia and the ACT the other Australian states and territories reformed their laws between 1976 and 1991. The exception was Tasmania, which retained its laws until the federal government forced their repeal in 1997.[citation needed]

It was in this context that an estimated 500 people marched to and rallied in Martin Place in Sydney on 24 June 1978.[16] Organisers said the march and rally were part of "international homosexual solidarity day" to demonstrate against sexual repression in Australia and other countries.[18] Police attacked a late night street party or Mardi Gras that night and arrested 53 revelers. This response, coupled with the publication of the names of the activists arrested in the local press over the next few days, attracted considerable public sympathy and led to this event becoming an annual community event, the Sydney Gay and Lesbian Mardi Gras, which celebrated its 30th anniversary in 2008. It also inspired similar events in other cities like Melbourne and Perth.[citation needed]

Law reform and the emergence of visible gay and lesbian communities did not however lead to the end of police harassment of individuals, which would continue into the 1990s. The last gay man was arrested on 14 December 1984 in Hobart, Tasmania, when he was found engaging in sexual conduct with another man on the side of the road in a car. He was sentenced to eight months jail.[19]

In 1991, after consistent pressure from Gay and Lesbian Immigration Task Force (GLITF), the Migration Amendment Act (No. 2) 1991 (Cth) was passed, amending the Migration Act 1958 (Cth) to allow Australian Citizens and Permanent Residents to sponsor their same-sex partners to Australia through a new Interdependency Visa.[20]

In 1994, the Commonwealth passed the Human Rights (Sexual Conduct) Act 1994 – Section 4,[21] legalising sexual activity between consenting adults (in private) throughout Australia. It was not until 1997 however when the law in Tasmania prohibiting gay male sexual conduct was repealed.[22] The ban on gay male sexual conduct was overturned in the courts in 1996 following Toonen v. Australia that gay male sexual conduct became formally legal in all Australian states and territories when the federal government passed the Human Rights (Sexual Conduct) Act 1994.[23]

Howard government[edit]

Since the beginning of his term as prime minister of Australia in 1996, John Howard made his position clear on the gay rights issue.[24][25] In January 1997, Howard refused to offer a message of support to Sydney Gay & Lesbian Mardi Gras[citation needed] and said on the TV program A Current Affair that he would be "disappointed" if one of his children were to tell him they were gay or lesbian.[citation needed] In August 2001 when asked in a Triple J interview where he placed himself on a scale of acceptance of homosexuality, one end being total acceptance and the other total rejection, Howard replied, "Oh I'd place myself somewhere in the middle. I certainly don't think you should give the same status to homosexual liaisons as you give to marriage, I don't."[citation needed]

In July 1996 the Howard government reduced the number of interdependency visas, making migration for same-sex couples more difficult.[26]

Reported in 2003, the government was pushed into permitting passports with an 'X' sex marker by Alex MacFarlane. This was stated by the West Australian to be on the basis of a challenge by MacFarlane, using an "indeterminate" birth certificate issued by the State of Victoria.[27][28][29] Australian government policy between 2003 and 2011 was to issue passports with an 'X' marker only to people who could "present a birth certificate that notes their sex as indeterminate".[30][31][32][33]

The UN Human Rights Commission declared Australia's federal government in violation of equality and privacy rights under the International Covenant of Civil and Political Rights in September 2003 after it had denied a man a de facto spouse veteran's pension based on his 38-year same-sex relationship. The request from the UN that Australia take steps to treat same sex couples equally was ignored. When directly questioned, Attorney General Philip Ruddock said that the government is not bound by the ruling.[citation needed]

In March 2004, Howard condemned Australia's first laws which would allow gay couples to adopt children in the ACT as part of a new ACT Bill of Rights. Howard said, "I think the idea of the ACT having a bill of rights is ridiculous. I'm against gay adoption, just as I'm against gay marriage."[25] The Commonwealth, however, did not overturn the legislation.

On 27 May 2004, approximately two months after Tony Blair's Labour Government in Britain proposed its Civil Partnership Act 2004, federal Attorney-General Philip Ruddock introduced the Marriage Legislation Amendment Bill to prevent any possible court rulings allowing same-sex marriages or civil unions.[34] In August 2004, same-sex marriage was officially prohibited when the Marriage Act 1961 and the Family Law Act were amended in order to define marriage as a "union of a man and a woman to the exclusion of all others, voluntarily entered into for life". Amendments were also made to prevent the recognition in Australia of marriages conducted in other countries between a man and another man or a woman and another woman.[citation needed]

The passage of the legislation was made possible because the Australian Labor Party supported the Howard government's proposed ban on same-sex marriages at the time.[35]

State and territory initiatives[edit]

In March 2006, after the ACT government announced plans to create civil unions within the territory, the federal government vowed to block it.[36] Following the public outcry over Howard's move to kill the ACT bill, in April the Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission (HREOC) began a six-month inquiry to hear from Australians about the federal government's treatment of gays.[37] The Howard government banned its departments from making submissions to the inquiry into financial discrimination experienced by same-sex couples.[38]

In May 2006, Attorney General Philip Ruddock blocked a gay Australian man from marrying in Europe. Ruddock refused to grant a gay man living in the Netherlands a 'Certificate of No Impediment to Marriage' document required by some European countries before marriage, to prove foreigners are in fact single. Under Ruddock's instructions, no such documents were to be released to gay and lesbians individuals intending to marry overseas.[39] Following a request for the certificate the following statement was received:

Following the advice of the Australian Attorney-General's Department we herewith certify that Australian law does not allow the issue of a Certificate of No Impediment to Marriage to persons wishing to enter into a same-sex marriage.

— Australian Embassy, Netherlands on behalf of the Attorney-General's Office[39]

In June 2006, the ACT's civil union legislation was passed by the ACT Legislative Assembly however the law was subsequently disallowed by the Governor General on instruction from the Howard government. A second attempt to legislate for civil unions for same-sex couples in 2007 was again disallowed.[citation needed]

In 2007, following the successful same-sex adoption of a boy in Western Australia by two gay men the Howard government made plans to introduce a federal bill, The Family Law (Same Sex Adoption) Bill, which sought to prevent same-sex couples from adopting. The idea was taken off the legislative agenda after the 2007 election, which Coalition government lost.[40]

Despite the reluctance of the federal government, individual states and territories were continuing to make inroads towards same-sex marriage. Since 2001, Victoria has amended 60 Acts to advance same-sex marriage. In 2002, Western Australia removed all remaining legislative discrimination toward sexual orientation (including adoption) by adding the new definition of "de facto partner", and Queensland created a new, non-discriminatory definition of "de facto partner" within 61 pieces of legislation. In 2003, Tasmania became the first state to create a relationship registry for same sex couples, giving same-sex couples nearly equal rights to married couples, excluding adoption. In 2004, the Northern Territory removed legislative discrimination against same-sex couples in most areas of territory law, and the ACT began allowing same-sex couples to adopt. In 2005, the city of Sydney, in New South Wales, created a Relationship Declaration Program offering limited legal recognition for same-sex couples. In 2006, South Australia, the last state to recognise same-sex couples, amended 97 Acts, dispensing with the term "de facto" and categorising couples as "domestic partners". The city of Melbourne, in Victoria, provided a "Relationship Declaration Register" for all relationships and carers starting in 2007, which was followed in December with Victoria introducing a statewide registry and amending 69 pieces of legislation to include couples who are in registered relationships.[citation needed]

Major reforms in the 2010s[edit]

A wall with the signage "Yes" painted in the colours of the LGBT flag, designed to demonstrate the support for Australia's Marriage Equality survey from 2017. Advertising in Australian media frequently used the phrase "Australia said yes" in response to the survey result.

By the late 2000s and early 2010s, support for LGBT rights in Australia generally grew, and a number of significant legal achievements were made. Nationwide equalisation with respect to the age of consent laws was achieved when Queensland amended the law in 2016. The decade was also marked by the implementation of expungement schemes in many states and territories, which allowed men who had been charged with anti-homosexuality laws to apply to have their convictions removed from the record. As of November 2018, all of the eight states and territories have passed expungement laws.

States and territories, with the exception of South Australia, also abolished the use of the gay panic defence in common law and the first nationwide anti-discrimination law was passed by the Federal Parliament in the form of the Sex Discrimination Amendment (Sexual Orientation, Gender Identity and Intersex Status) Act 2013, the provisions of which extended to intersex people. Significantly, adoption laws were amended in six states and territories (New South Wales 2010; Tasmania 2013; Victoria 2015; Queensland 2016; South Australia 2017; Northern Territory 2018) to allow same-sex couples the right to adopt children. South Australia's amendment of assisted reproduction laws in 2016 ensured same-sex couples had equal access to these methods in all jurisdictions.[41] By 2018, all states and territories, with the exception of Western Australia and the Northern Territory, had implemented a relationships registration scheme, which allowed couples to demonstrate proof of the existence of a de facto relationship for the purpose of federal law. Some of these laws included the option for a couple to have a formal, state-sanctioned ceremony. Queensland made history in this regard by legislating for civil unions twice in the decade, once in 2011 and again in 2016 after the intervening Newman LNP Government had repealed the legislation in 2012.[42]

Transgender people in the Australian Capital Territory, the Northern Territory, South Australia, Tasmania and Western Australia also benefited from landmark reforms which allowed them to change their gender marker on their birth certificate, irrespective of whether or not they had undergone sexual reassignment surgery, though this was rejected by the Victorian Parliament in 2016.[43] Arguably the most significant reform in the transgender space was a November 2017 ruling from the Family Court of Australia which allowed transgender children to access cross-sex hormone treatment (known as "stage 2 treatment") without court approval needing to be sought, in cases where there is no dispute between a child, their parents, and their treating doctors, hormone treatment can be prescribed without court permission.[44][45]

In the relationships recognition space, federal law would be critical. The Federal Parliament's reforms of de facto recognition in 2008/09, spearheaded by the Rudd government, would amend 85 pieces of Commonwealth legislation to allow same-sex couples equal access to a range of areas including taxation, superannuation, health, social security, aged care and child support, immigration, citizenship and veterans' affairs.[46][47] In time however, glaring examples of deficiencies between de facto relationships and marriages would be identified, enhancing the momentum for same-sex marriage.[48][49] Same-sex marriage legislation would fail 22 times in the Federal Parliament between 2004 and 2017,[50] most notably in September 2012 when legislation was rejected by large majorities in both houses of Parliament, despite the Gillard Labor government agreeing to a conscience vote on the issue.[51][52] In 2017, the Turnbull Liberal/National government, having been denied the opportunity to hold a plebiscite, succeeded in conducting a voluntary postal survey on same-sex marriage, which resulted in a 61.6% "Yes" vote in favour of legalisation.[53] Consequently, the Federal Parliament passed a law amending the Marriage Act 1961 to allow same-sex couples to marry in December 2017.[54][55]

In sport[edit]

In 1982, the first LGBTQI football team, the Adelaide Armpits, played their first season in Adelaide, and continued to play in South Australian competitions for 30 years.[56]

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^ "Homosexuality and Aboriginal culture: a lore unto themselves". Archer Magazine. 20 October 2014. Retrieved 23 August 2019.
  2. ^ Anonymous (18 August 2010). "Marriages in Aboriginal Societies Today". www.alrc.gov.au. Archived from the original on 23 August 2019. Retrieved 23 August 2019.
  3. ^ "Homosexuality and Aboriginal culture: a lore unto themselves". Archer Magazine. 6 June 2021. Retrieved 23 August 2019.
  4. ^ "What do we know about queer Indigenous history?". Triple j. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 30 May 2018. Retrieved 12 January 2020.
  5. ^ a b The Development Of Homosexuality Archived October 13, 2008, at the Wayback Machine
  6. ^ a b Aldrich, Robert (2002). Colonialism and Homosexuality. Routledge. pp. 220. ISBN 9780415196154.
  7. ^ a b Babette Smith: Australia's Birthstain: The Startling Legacy of the Convict Era: Sydney Allen and Unwin: 2008
  8. ^ Daniels, Kay (December 1993). "The flash mob: Rebellion, rough culture and sexuality in the female factories of Van Diemen's Land". Australian Feminist Studies. 8 (18): 133–150. doi:10.1080/08164649.1993.9994701. ISSN 0816-4649.
  9. ^ Wayne Dynes, The Encyclopaedia of Homosexuality, London 1990
  10. ^ Andrew Potts (4 March 1932). "Wide Open Immorality among Brisbane's Perverts". The Arrow (Sydney). Retrieved 6 June 2013.
  11. ^ Franklin, James (2022). "Catholic Action, Sydney Style: Catholic lay organisations from friendly societies to the Vice Squad" (PDF). Journal of the Royal Australian Historical Society. 108 (2): 172–201. Retrieved 2 January 2023.
  12. ^ "Australia's queer history". O&G Magazine. 28 November 2018. Retrieved 9 February 2020.
  13. ^ Kaplan, Gisela (1996). The Meagre Harvest: The Australian Women's Movement 1950s–1990s. St Leonards. p. 93.
  14. ^ "Melbourne" "A gay bibliography – Melbourne Gay Teachers Group".
  15. ^ Carbery, Graham (2014). "Towards homosexual equality in Australian criminal law - A brief history (revised ed.)" (PDF). Australian Lesbian & Gay Archives: 11. Retrieved 31 August 2018.
  16. ^ a b Ross, Liz (3 April 2023). "Revolution Is For Us: Gay Liberation, Unions and the Left in the 1970s". The Commons Social Change Library. Retrieved 6 April 2024.
  17. ^ Kirby, Michael (1 December 2003). "The 1973 Deletion of Homosexuality as a Psychiatric Disorder: 30 Years on". Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry. 37 (6): 674–677. doi:10.1080/j.1440-1614.2003.01269.x. ISSN 0004-8674. PMID 14636380. S2CID 44818542.
  18. ^ "Original report – 500 march in city". NEWS.com.au. 22 February 2008. Archived from the original on 2 March 2008. Retrieved 22 February 2008.
  19. ^ "Toonen v. Australia, Communication No. 488/1992, U.N. Doc CCPR/C/50/D/488/1992 (1994)". hrlibrary.umn.edu. 31 March 1994. Retrieved 8 October 2019.
  20. ^ "Same-Sex: Same Entitlements: Chapter 15". Australian Human Rights Commission. Retrieved 20 September 2014.
  21. ^ "Human Rights (Sexual Conduct) Act 1994 – Sect 4". Commonwealth Consolidated Acts. Retrieved 3 September 2007.
  22. ^ Commons Librarian (22 December 2023). "Campaigns that Changed Tasmania". The Commons Social Change Library. Retrieved 6 April 2024.
  23. ^ "HUMAN RIGHTS (SEXUAL CONDUCT) ACT 1994". Austlii.edu.au. Retrieved 20 January 2011.
  24. ^ "Howard rules on gay marriages". www.abc.net.au (lateline). 27 May 2004. Retrieved 9 June 2013.
  25. ^ a b AAP (8 March 2004). "Howard attacks ACT gay adoption law". www.smh.com.au (Sydney Morning Herald). Retrieved 9 June 2013.
  26. ^ "MIGRATION LEGISLATION AMENDMENT BILL". Anthony Albanese MP. 13 December 1996. Archived from the original on 18 February 2011. Retrieved 17 November 2018.
  27. ^ "X marks the spot for intersex Alex" Archived 2013-11-10 at the Wayback Machine, West Australian, via bodieslikeours.org. 11 January 2003
  28. ^ Holme, Ingrid (2008). "Hearing People's Own Stories". Science as Culture. 17 (3): 341–344. doi:10.1080/09505430802280784. S2CID 143528047.
  29. ^ "Neither man nor woman", Sydney Morning Herald. 27 June 2010
  30. ^ Sex Files: the legal recognition of sex in documents and government records. Concluding paper of the sex and gender diversity project (2009), Australian Human Rights Commission, March 2009.
  31. ^ Ten years of 'X' passports, and no protection from discrimination, Organisation Intersex International (OII) Australia, 19 January 2013
  32. ^ On Australian passports and "X" for sex, Organisation Intersex International (OII) Australia, 9 October 2011
  33. ^ "Getting a passport made easier for sex and gender diverse people". The Hon Kevin Rudd MP. 14 September 2011. Archived from the original on 19 November 2011. Retrieved 23 December 2011.
  34. ^ "Marriage Amendment Bill 2004". Parliament of Australia. 24 June 2004. Archived from the original on 27 November 2012. Retrieved 26 May 2008.
  35. ^ "Labor backs ban on gay marriage". The Age. 5 August 2004. Retrieved 23 August 2019.
  36. ^ Hacker, Peter (29 March 2006). "Australian Federal Gov't Moves To Block Civil Union Bid". 365Gay.com. Archived from the original on 10 May 2008. Retrieved 6 December 2009.
  37. ^ "Australian Gay Marriage Treatment Like Apartheid Inquiry Told". 365Gay.com. 11 October 2006. Archived from the original on 17 February 2008. Retrieved 6 December 2009.
  38. ^ "Howard Bans Submissions to HREOC". Sydney Star Observer. Archived from the original on 6 July 2011. Retrieved 29 June 2006.
  39. ^ a b "Govt defends block to same sex marriage (January 18, 2006 – 9:29 am)". The Age. Melbourne, Australia. 18 January 2006. Retrieved 3 September 2007.
  40. ^ "Gay couples face overseas adoption ban". www.smh.com.au. Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 22 February 2015.
  41. ^ "Same-sex couples in South Australia to have access to IVF and unpaid surrogacy". Human Rights Law Centre. 28 February 2017. Archived from the original on 7 March 2017.
  42. ^ "Queensland brings back civil unions for same-sex couples". The Guardian. 3 December 2015.
  43. ^ "Landmark Transgender Rights Bill Passes In South Australia, Nixed In Victoria". BuzzFeed. 6 December 2016.
  44. ^ Lane Sainty (30 November 2017). "Transgender Teens Can Now Access Treatment Without Going To Court, Following Landmark Decision". BuzzFeed.
  45. ^ Re: Kelvin [2017] FamCAFC 258 (30 November 2017), Family Court (Full Court) (Australia)
  46. ^ "Explanatory Memorandum: Same-Sex Relationships (Equal Treatment in Commonwealth Laws - General Law Reform) Act 2008". Federal Register of Legislation. 1 January 2009.
  47. ^ "Explanatory Memorandum: Same-Sex Relationships (Equal Treatment in Commonwealth Laws—Superannuation) Act 2008". Parliament of Australia. 1 January 2009.
  48. ^ Holman, Julia (27 September 2017). "Same-sex couples 'invisible' and financially vulnerable because they can't marry". ABC News. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 27 September 2017.
  49. ^ "SSM: What legal benefits do married couples have that de facto couples do not?". ABC News. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 21 September 2017.
  50. ^ McKeown, Deirdre (1 December 2017). "Chronology of same-sex marriage bills introduced into the federal parliament: a quick guide". www.aph.gov.au. Canberra: Parliamentary Library (Australia). Retrieved 27 December 2016.
  51. ^ "Lower House votes down same-sex marriage bill". ABC News.
  52. ^ "Australian Senate votes down same-sex marriage bill". ABC News.
  53. ^ "Australia wants same-sex marriage. Here's what happens next". ABC News. 15 November 2017. Retrieved 15 November 2017.
  54. ^ "Same-sex marriage bill passes House of Representatives, paving way for first gay weddings". ABC News. 7 December 2017.
  55. ^ Commons Librarian (12 August 2021). "Marriage Equality Campaign Timeline and Reflections". The Commons Social Change Library. Retrieved 6 April 2024.
  56. ^ Lewis, Samantha (18 June 2022). "'A bunch of ratbag, lesbian feminists': The coming-out story of the Adelaide Armpits, Australia's first LGBTQIA+ football club". ABC News. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 18 June 2022.

External links[edit]

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