Effect of Hurricane Katrina on the Louisiana Superdome

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Main article: Effects of Hurricane Katrina in New Orleans
Hurricane Katrina
2005 Atlantic hurricane season
General
Impact
Relief
Analysis
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The Louisiana Superdome was used as a "shelter of last resort" for those in New Orleans unable to evacuate from the city when Hurricane Katrina struck on August 29, 2005.[1]

Past hurricanes and Katrina preparation[edit]

Hurricane Katrina was the third time the dome had been used as a public shelter. It was previously used in 1998 during Hurricane Georges and again in 2004 during Hurricane Ivan, on both occasions for less than two days at most. Even though the dome never lost power, air conditioning or running water during any of those storms, Superdome manager Doug Thornton recommended after Hurricane Georges for the dome to not be used as a shelter for anybody but special-needs evacuees. In addition, a Bleacher Report article quotes Thornton saying "We're not a hospital. We're not a hotel. We can't house people for five or six days."[2]

Despite these previous periods of emergency use, as Katrina approached the city, officials had not stockpiled enough generator fuel, food, and other supplies to handle the needs of the thousands of people seeking refuge there. According to an article in Time, "Over the years city officials have stressed that they didn't want to make it too comfortable at the Superdome since it was always safer to leave the city altogether. It's not a hotel," said the emergency preparedness director for St. Tammany Parish to the Times-Picayune in 1999."[3]

The Superdome was built to withstand most natural catastrophes. The roof was estimated to be able to withstand winds with speeds of up to 200 mph (320 km/h) and flood waters weren't expected to reach the second level 35 feet (11 m) from the ground.[4] However, when looking into the origins of the claims about 200 mph (320 km/h) wind security in the Superdome, CNN reported that no engineering study had ever been completed on the amount of wind the structure could withstand.[citation needed] The building's engineering study was underway as Hurricane Katrina approached and was put on hold. It was used as an emergency shelter although it was neither designed nor tested for the task. It was already known that the generators would not provide lights or air conditioning for the whole dome if the power failed, and also pumps providing water to second-level restrooms wouldn't function.[4]

Hurricane Katrina[edit]

Refugees on the field inside the Superdome, August 28.

On August 28, 2005, at 6 am, New Orleans Mayor Ray Nagin announced that the Superdome would be used as a public shelter.[2] Approximately 10,000 residents, along with about 150 National Guardsmen, sheltered in the Superdome anticipating Katrina's landfall. Security checks were conducted, and people with medical illnesses or disabilities were moved to one side of the dome with supplies and medical personnel.[5] Maj. Gen. Bennett C. Landreneau of the Louisiana National Guard, said that the number of people taking shelter in the Superdome rose to around 15,000–20,000 as search and rescue teams brought more people from areas hit hard by the flooding.[6]

On August 29, at about 6:20 AM EDT, the electricity supply to the dome failed. The dome's emergency generator was able to power the internal lighting but little else; the building's air conditioning system would no longer operate, nor would the refrigeration system which was keeping food from spoiling. The emergency generator later failed, and engineers had to protect the backup generator from floodwaters by creating a hole in a wall and installing a new fuel line.[7] Medical machines also failed, which prompted a decision to move patients to the Ernest N. Morial Convention Center. However, there weren't enough trucks for the patients, so they had to stay in the dome.

A few hours later, at 9:00 AM EDT, reports from inside the dome were that part of the roof was "peeling off" in the violent winds. Daylight could be seen from inside the dome, and rain was pouring in. The Associated Press stated there were two substantial holes, "each about 15 to 20 feet (6.1 m) long and 4 to 5 feet (1.5 m) wide," and that water was making its way in at elevator shafts and other small openings around the building.[8] Further damage included water damage to the electrical systems, and mold spread.[9] Although 80 percent of the roof had been destroyed, ultimately, the damage to the roof proved not to be catastrophic, with the two repairable holes and the ripping off of most of the replaceable white rubber membrane on the outer layer.

People seeking shelter in the Superdome before the arrival of Hurricane Katrina.

Lack of supplies and organization[edit]

Despite the planned use of the Superdome as an evacuation center, government officials at the local, state and federal level were criticized for poor preparation and response, especially Mayor of New Orleans Ray Nagin, President George W. Bush, Louisiana Governor Kathleen Blanco, and Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) director Michael D. Brown.[10][11] On August 28, the Louisiana National Guard delivered three truckloads of water and seven truckloads of MREs (meals ready to eat), enough to supply 15,000 people for three days. Although FEMA had promised 360,000 military rations, only 40,000 had arrived by that day. However, there was no water purification equipment on site, nor any chemical toilets, antibiotics, or anti-diarrheals stored for a crisis. There were no designated medical staff at work in the evacuation center, no established sick bay within the Superdome, and very few cots available that hadn't been brought in by evacuees. Mayor of New Orleans Ray Nagin had stated that as a "refuge of last resort," only limited food, water, and supplies would be provided.[citation needed] Residents who evacuated to the Superdome were warned to bring their own supplies with them.[12]

By August 30, with no air conditioning, temperatures inside the dome had reached the 90s, and the punctured dome at once allowed humidity in and trapped it there. Tempers began to flare as hunger and thirst deepened. Food rotted inside the hundreds of unpowered refrigerators and freezers spread throughout the building. Blood and feces covered the walls of the facility.[7] According to many, the smell inside the stadium was revolting due to the breakdown of the plumbing system, which included all toilets and urinals in the building, forcing people to urinate and defecate in other areas such as garbage cans and sinks. Some people even chose to wear medical masks to ease the smell.[13]

When the serious flooding of the city began on August 30 after the levees had broken, the Superdome began to fill slowly with water, though it remained confined only to the field level. Later that day, Louisiana Governor Kathleen Blanco ordered New Orleans to be completely evacuated.[6] By this time, the population of the dome had nearly doubled within two days to approximately 30,000, as helicopters and vehicles capable of cutting through the deep flood waters picked up stranded citizens from hard-hit areas and brought them to the dome.[13]

On August 31, it was announced that the Superdome evacuees would be moved to the Astrodome in Houston.[14] With no power or clean water supply, sanitary conditions within the Superdome had rapidly deteriorated.[15] Evacuees began to break into the luxury suites, concession stands, vending machines, and offices to look for food and other supplies.[16]

At midnight that same day, a private helicopter arrived to evacuate some members of the National Guard and their families. They were taken to the Lamar Dixon Expo Center in Baton Rouge.[13]

On September 2, 475 buses were sent by FEMA to pick up evacuees from the dome and the Ernest N. Morial Convention Center, where more than 20,000 people had been crowded in similarly poor living conditions.[17][18] 25,000 evacuees were taken to the Astrodome in Houston, while another 25,000 were taken to San Antonio and Dallas.[19][20] The refugees were given three meals and snacks daily, along with hygiene supplies, and were allowed to use the locker rooms to shower.[21] The Astrodome started to fill up, so authorities began to transfer people to the nearby Reliant Arena, Reliant Center, and George R. Brown Convention Center in Downtown Houston in the following days.[22][23][24] The last large group from the Superdome was evacuated on September 3.[25][26][27]

On September 7, speculation arose that the Superdome was now in such a poor condition that it would have to be demolished.[28] Instead, the State of Louisiana and the operator of the dome, SMG, chose to repair and renovate the dome beginning in early 2006. The cost to repair the dome was initially stated by Superdome commission chairman Tim Coulon to be up to $400 million.[29] However, the eventual cost to renovate and repair the dome was roughly $185 million and it was reopened for the Saints' first home game in the city in September 2006.[30][31]

Deaths and crime[edit]

People wait outside the Superdome, August 31.

As of August 31, there had been three deaths in the Superdome: two elderly medical patients who were suffering from existing illness, and a man who committed suicide by jumping from the upper level seats. Rumours spread in the press of reports of rapes, violent assaults, murders, drug abuse, and gang activity inside the Superdome, most of which were entirely unsubstantiated and without witnesses. Most of these rumors were caused because of the breakdown of cellular service, which prevented the distribution of reliable and accurate information.[32] New Orleans Police Department chief Eddie Compass appeared on The Oprah Winfrey Show and reported seeing "little babies getting raped" and New Orleans Mayor Ray Nagin also said he saw hooligans raping and killing people.[32] While numerous people told the Times-Picayune that they had witnessed the rape of two girls in the ladies' restroom and the killing of one of them, police and military officials said they knew nothing about the incidents.[33] False reports of gunshots also disrupted medical evacuations at the dome.[34] However, after a National Guardsman was attacked with a metal rod, the National Guard put up barbed wire barricades to separate and protect themselves from the other people in the dome, and blocked people from exiting.[13][35] The attacker was later jailed.[33]

During the evening on August 31, about 700 elderly and ill patients were transported out by military helicopters and planes from Louis Armstrong International Airport to Ellington Field Joint Reserve Base in Houston.[36] Troopers "smuggled" 30 Britons and other non-US citizens out of the Dome.[37] This was done as covertly as possible so as to not cause rioting or charges of favoritism.[35]

On September 4, NOPD chief Eddie Compass reported, "We don't have any substantiated rapes. We will investigate if the individuals come forward."[38] On that same day, 10 deaths were reported at the Superdome by CBS News.[39] However, that number also counted four bodies that were near the dome.[32] National Guard officials put the body count at 6, which was reported by The Seattle Times on September 26. Four died of natural causes, one had a drug overdose, and one committed suicide.[33][40] It was confirmed that no one was murdered in the Superdome.[41]

Closed for events[edit]

Professional sports[edit]

Further information: Effect of Hurricane Katrina on the New Orleans Saints

After the events surrounding Katrina, the Superdome was not used during the 2005 NFL season. The New Orleans Saints played four of their scheduled home games at LSU's Tiger Stadium in Baton Rouge, three at the Alamodome in San Antonio, and one at Giants Stadium in East Rutherford, New Jersey.[42] Their first "home" game was played on September 19, 2005 against the New York Giants at Giants Stadium, which resulted in a 27–10 loss.[43]

On October 21, 2005, owner Tom Benson issued a statement saying that he had not made any decision about the future of the Saints.[44] The San Antonio Express-News reported that sources close to the Saints' organization said that Benson planned to void his lease agreement with New Orleans by declaring the Superdome unusable.[45] However, the Saints announced that they would be returning to New Orleans, with the first home game taking place on September 25, 2006 against the Atlanta Falcons on Monday Night Football.[46] Before that first game, the team announced it had sold out its entire home schedule to season ticket holders — a first in the franchise's history.[47]

College sports[edit]

Tulane Green Wave[edit]

Tulane University postponed its scheduled football game against the University of Southern Mississippi until November 26. Their first game, against Mississippi State University, was played on September 17 at Independence Stadium in Shreveport, Louisiana.[48] Overall, the team used six different stadiums for their six home games, including Tiger Stadium in Baton Rouge, Cajun Field in Lafayette, Joe Aillet Stadium in Ruston, Malone Stadium in Monroe, and Ladd–Peebles Stadium in Mobile, Alabama.

For detailed information on the effect on Tulane, see Effect of Hurricane Katrina on Tulane University.

Bayou Classic[edit]

The 2005 Bayou Classic was moved from the Superdome to Reliant Stadium in Houston. The 2006 Bayou Classic returned to the Superdome and has been there since. 

[49][50] Grambling State University beat Southern University, 50–35.[51]

New Orleans Bowl[edit]

The 2005 New Orleans Bowl between the University of Southern Mississippi and Arkansas State University was moved from the Superdome to Cajun Field in Lafayette. Southern Mississippi won over Arkansas State, 31–19.

Sugar Bowl[edit]

The 2006 Sugar Bowl, which pitted the University of Georgia Bulldogs against the West Virginia University Mountaineers, was moved from the Superdome to the Georgia Dome in Atlanta.[52] The Mountaineers won, 38–35.

Gallery[edit]

  • Photo taken from the I-10-US 90 junction showing most of the white rubber protective membrane over the roof of the Superdome torn away by strong winds during Katrina.
    Photo taken from the I-10-US 90 junction showing most of the white rubber protective membrane over the roof of the Superdome torn away by strong winds during Katrina.
  • A FEMA medical team at the Superdome on August 31, 2005.
    A FEMA medical team at the Superdome on August 31, 2005.
  • First delivery to the Superdome on August 31, 2005.
    First delivery to the Superdome on August 31, 2005.
  • Satellite view of the Superdome showing the damaged roof with the New Orleans Arena to the right on August 30, 2005.
    Satellite view of the Superdome showing the damaged roof with the New Orleans Arena to the right on August 30, 2005.
  • An aerial view of the catastrophic flooding in Downtown New Orleans on August 31, 2005.
    An aerial view of the catastrophic flooding in Downtown New Orleans on August 31, 2005.
  • Local residents gathering outside of the Superdome on September 2, 2005.
    Local residents gathering outside of the Superdome on September 2, 2005.
  • The Superdome with the newly repaired roof, August 15, 2006.
    The Superdome with the newly repaired roof, August 15, 2006.

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^ Sullivan, Laura (23 September 2005). "How New Orleans' Evacuation Plan Fell Apart". NPR.org. Retrieved 17 November 2020.
  2. ^ a b Tanier, Mike (August 19, 2015). "Hurricane Katrina as Seen Through the Eyes of the Saints' Biggest Fans". Bleacher Report. Retrieved January 29, 2022.
  3. ^ Carney, James; Tumulty, Karen; Ripley, Amanda; Thompson, Mark (September 13, 2005). "4 Places Where the System Broke Down". Time. Archived from the original on September 12, 2005. Retrieved June 4, 2018.
  4. ^ a b "Louisiana Superdome Turns Shelter". Fox News. September 16, 2004. Archived from the original on June 28, 2013. Retrieved October 26, 2020.
  5. ^ Filosa, gwen (August 29, 2005). "At least 10,000 find refuge at the Superdome". NOLA.com. Archived from the original on September 3, 2005. Retrieved November 1, 2020.
  6. ^ a b "Governor: Evac Superdome, Rescue Centers". Fox News. Associated Press. August 30, 2005. Archived from the original on February 7, 2006. Retrieved April 27, 2020.
  7. ^ a b Scott, Gold (September 1, 2005). "Trapped in the Superdome: Refuge becomes a hellhole". Seattle Times. Retrieved October 21, 2020.
  8. ^ Gilman, Victoria (August 29, 2005). "Photo in the News: Hurricane Shreds Superdome Roof". National Geographic. Archived from the original on September 5, 2005. Retrieved June 4, 2018.
  9. ^ Martel, Brett (September 8, 2005). "NFL 2005: Homeless Saints face long road in 2005". NOLA.com. Archived from the original on September 12, 2005. Retrieved November 23, 2020.
  10. ^ DeBarry, Jarvis (June 1, 2015). "Almost 10 years after Katrina, Michael Brown's still out to lunch: Jarvis DeBerry". NOLA.com. Retrieved October 31, 2020.
  11. ^ Brown, Michael. "Stop Blaming Me for Hurricane Katrina". POLITICO Magazine. Retrieved 2020-11-02.
  12. ^ Nolan, Bruce (August 28, 2005). "Katrina Takes Aim". The Times-Picayune. Archived from the original on January 9, 2006. Retrieved November 1, 2020.
  13. ^ a b c d Scott, Nate (August 24, 2015). "Refuge of last resort: Five days inside the Superdome for Hurricane Katrina". USA Today. Retrieved June 4, 2018.
  14. ^ "Superdome evacuees head to Houston". CNN Weather. August 31, 2005. Archived from the original on September 12, 2005. Retrieved October 20, 2020.
  15. ^ "Britons describe hurricane ordeal". BBC. September 6, 2005. Retrieved June 4, 2018.
  16. ^ "How Places of Refuge went to Hell". Chicago Tribune. September 15, 2005. Archived from the original on 2022-01-22.
  17. ^ Doward, Jamie (September 3, 2005). "'They're not giving us what we need to survive'". The Guardian. ISSN 0029-7712. Retrieved October 25, 2020.
  18. ^ Associated Press (August 31, 2005). "From Superdome to Astrodome: Katrina's refugees will be moved to Houston in bus convoy". Deseret News. Retrieved October 26, 2020.
  19. ^ "Superdome evacuation disrupted after shots fired". ESPN. September 1, 2005. Retrieved October 22, 2020.
  20. ^ Martin, Florian (August 17, 2015). "10 Years Since Katrina: When The Astrodome Was A Mass Shelter". Houston Public Media. Retrieved October 22, 2020.
  21. ^ Frank, Thomas (September 1, 2005). "Astrodome to become new home for storm refugees". USA Today. Retrieved November 3, 2020.
  22. ^ "Military due to move in to New Orleans". CNN. September 2, 2005. Archived from the original on September 12, 2005. Retrieved October 23, 2020.
  23. ^ "Astrodome at capacity, but buses with evacuees keep coming". Houston Chronicle. September 2, 2005. Retrieved October 22, 2020.
  24. ^ "Curfew In Place At Reliant Park". Click 2 Houston. September 5, 2005. Archived from the original on September 17, 2005. Retrieved October 25, 2020.
  25. ^ Norris, Mark (September 6, 2005). "Katrina refugees come to Dallas". The Daily Campus (SMU). Retrieved October 22, 2020.
  26. ^ Teather, David (September 5, 2005). "Neighbouring states struggle to cope with influx of people". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved October 25, 2020.
  27. ^ "Convention Center Opens To Evacuees". Click 2 Houston. September 3, 2005. Archived from the original on February 16, 2006. Retrieved October 26, 2020.
  28. ^ "New Orleans will force evacuations". CNN.com. CNN. September 7, 2005. Archived from the original on 2005-10-29. Retrieved June 4, 2018.
  29. ^ Anderson, Ed (September 7, 2005). "Dome closed for a year, could be scrapped". NOLA.com. Archived from the original on September 8, 2005. Retrieved November 4, 2020.
  30. ^ "NFL, at Saints' urging, kicks in $20 million for dome repairs". KCEN-TV. January 31, 2006. Archived from the original on 2007-08-24. Retrieved October 22, 2020.
  31. ^ "Superdome returns with glitz, glamor and Monday night football". CBS Sports. September 20, 2006. Archived from the original on March 6, 2012. Retrieved October 25, 2020.
  32. ^ a b c Rosenblatt, Susannah; Rainey, James (September 27, 2005). "Katrina Takes a Toll on Truth, News Accuracy". Los Angeles Times. Baton Rouge. Retrieved November 1, 2020.
  33. ^ a b c Thevenot, Brian; Russell, Gordon (September 26, 2005). "Reports of anarchy at Superdome overstated". Seattle Times. Archived from the original on December 18, 2005. Retrieved October 27, 2020.
  34. ^ "'Desperate SOS' for New Orleans". BBC News. September 2, 2005. Retrieved October 26, 2020.
  35. ^ a b Paul A. Harris (2008). Diary from the Dome: Reflections on Fear and Privilege During Katrina. Vantage Press. ISBN 978-0-533-15852-2. Retrieved October 20, 2019.
  36. ^ McFadden, Robert D.; Blumenthal, Ralph (September 1, 2005). "Higher Death Toll Seen; Police Ordered to Stop Looters". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved October 26, 2020.
  37. ^ Andrews, Michelle (September 6, 2005). "Britons describe hurricane ordeal". BBC News. Retrieved 29 August 2023.
  38. ^ Younge, Gary (September 5, 2005). "Murder and rape - fact or fiction?". The Guardian. London. Retrieved June 4, 2018.
  39. ^ "New Orleans Begins Counting Dead". CBS News. September 4, 2005. Archived from the original on September 5, 2005. Retrieved October 26, 2020.
  40. ^ Lopez, German (2015-08-23). "7 facts about Hurricane Katrina that show just how incompetent the government response was". Vox. Retrieved 2020-11-01.
  41. ^ Solnit, Rebecca (August 25, 2009). "Four years on, Katrina remains cursed by rumour, cliche, lies and racism". The Guardian. Retrieved November 1, 2020.
  42. ^ "Saints' home games: 4 at LSU, 3 in Alamodome". ESPN Internet Ventures, LLC. Associated Press. September 12, 2005. Retrieved June 4, 2018.
  43. ^ "Errors cost Saints early, often in poor excuse for 'home' opener". ESPN.com. September 19, 2005. Retrieved November 2, 2020.
  44. ^ Anderson, Ed (October 22, 2005). "Benson: No Saints decision made". The Times-Picayune. Archived from the original on October 26, 2005. Retrieved June 4, 2018.
  45. ^ Orsborn, Tom (October 21, 2005). "Benson to bail on Superdome". San Antonio Express-News. Archived from the original on November 8, 2005. Retrieved June 4, 2018.
  46. ^ Jenkins, Lee (September 26, 2006). "An Emotional Recovery". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved October 25, 2020.
  47. ^ "Saints sell out season tickets". NFL.com. NFL Enterprises, LLC. September 19, 2006. Archived from the original on February 12, 2007. Retrieved June 4, 2018.
  48. ^ AP (September 2, 2005). "Tulane Cancels Fall Semester". CBS News. Retrieved October 26, 2020.
  49. ^ "32nd annual Bayou Classic moved to Houston". ESPN.com. September 30, 2005. Retrieved November 4, 2020.
  50. ^ Lewis, Ted (September 8, 2005). "Houston ready to host Bayou Classic". NOLA.com. Archived from the original on September 8, 2005. Retrieved November 4, 2020.
  51. ^ "SOUTHERN JAGUARS FALL 50-35 TO GRAMBLING STATE IN BAYOU CLASSIC XXXII". Southern University. November 28, 2005. Retrieved November 4, 2020.
  52. ^ "Will tourists return to New Orleans?". NBC News. October 11, 2005. Archived from the original on 2022-01-22.
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