Autism and LGBT identities

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Flag of Autistic Pride at a "Pride is a Protest" march in June 2021.

Current research indicates that autistic people have higher rates of LGBT identities and feelings than the general population.[1][2][3] A variety of explanations for this have been proposed, such as prenatal hormonal exposure, which has been linked with both sexual orientation, gender dysphoria and autism. Alternatively, autistic people may be less reliant on social norms and thus are more open about their orientation or gender identity. A narrative review published in 2016 stated that while various hypotheses have been proposed for an association between autism and gender dysphoria, they lack strong evidence.[4]

A study of autistic LGBT people in the US report more unmet health care needs than their peers, especially in places with fewer protections for LGBT health care.[5]

Autism and sexual orientation[edit]

General interest in sexuality[edit]

Early claims that autistic people lack a sex drive or desire for sexuality have been regarded as an inaccurate and negative stereotype.[6][7][8] These claims were a result of methodological problems. More recent evidence indicates that most autistic people express an interest in both romance and sexuality.[8]

Sexual orientation of autistic people[edit]

Autistic people are less likely to identify as heterosexual than their non-autistic counterparts.[9][3][10] Some attempt to explain this as part of an association between autism, prenatal hormones, and sexual orientation.[11][12][8] That is not the only proposed explanation, however.[2] While there is a broad consensus that autistic people are substantially less likely to be heterosexual than the general population and to belong to gender minorities, there is great variation in estimates of the size of these effects,[13] and most research suggests that the majority of autistic people are heterosexual.[14] Studies on sexual orientation and autism suggest that more autistic people have homosexual and bisexual feelings compared to the general population.[6][15] Studies have indicated higher incidence of asexuality among autistic people, though a 2019 review article stated that this "should be interpreted with caution, bearing in mind the difficulty of establishing social relations in persons with ASD."[16] Similarly, a survey of asexual individuals found that about 7% to 8% of respondents had acquired an autism diagnosis, approximately 4 times larger than the American population estimate.[17][18][19][20]

The decreased incidence of heterosexuality in the autistic population is present when measuring for self-reported sexual orientations, behaviors, and interests alike.[21]

Gender differences in sexual orientation[edit]

Some studies have indicated that autistic women have lower rates of heterosexual orientation than autistic men do.[22][21] This was also corroborated by an online survey conducted by the University of Cambridge and published in Autism Research. That survey suggested that autistic women had a wider range of sexual identification than both non-autistic women and autistic men. Younger respondents had a higher likelihood for reporting themselves as homosexual than did older respondents.[23] According to a 2021 review, some studies indicated that autistic women were about three to four times as likely to be bisexual when compared to non-autistic women.[21]

Autism and gender identity[edit]

Gender identity of autistic people[edit]

Autistic people are more likely to exhibit diverse gender identities or gender variance (also known as gender non-conformity) than the general population.[2][24]: 515  The size of the difference varies significantly based on the methodology of studies and so cannot be said conclusively.[25]

In 2016, researchers published a study that examined gender variance in a sample of 492 children and adolescents that had been diagnosed with an autism spectrum disorder at the New York University's Child Study Center between 2011 and 2015. They analyzed the parents' responses to the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) that was administered as part of the initial evaluation of all children at the center. The study, which was reported on in the popular press,[26] concluded that autistic children were seven times more likely to exhibit gender variance than their non-autistic peers.[27]

A study on the gender identity of autistic people (mostly adults) without intellectual disability published in 2018 found that this group, and especially those assigned female at birth, had lower identification with their assigned gender, and lower self-esteem about that gender, than non-autistic controls. In discussing the limitations of their study, the researchers noted that they observed an unusually high occurrence of gender and sexual orientation diversity as well as mental health problems across all participants, which they attribute to a selection bias due to the recruitment of participants through various only channels.[28] A comparable study published in 2020 focused on autistic people (mostly adults) assigned female at birth concluded that these were more likely to identify as transgender compared to a non-autistic control group.[2][11] Similar to the 2018 study, the researchers cautioned that their recruitment methods likely led to a selection bias, as they observed an unusually high occurrence of non-heterosexual orientations among the non-autistic participants. Further, the number of transgender people in the sample was relatively small.[11]

Non-binary gender identities[edit]

Some autistic people have non-binary gender identities. Many people feel that autism causes them to have a very different understanding of their gender than is expected of them.[29][30] Autistic people can struggle to infer social expectations, intentions and abstract concepts which lack tangible rules and reasons,[31] such as socially constructed expectations like gender, which can vary between different cultures.[32][33]

Some autistic people, including some with non-binary gender identities such as agender, identify their own genders at a young age. However, self-acceptance can be delayed due to the dominant discourse of gender as binary as well as lack of knowledge of the correct language to self-describe.[34]

Some autistic individuals use the term "autigender" to describe the unique experience they have with their sense of gender.[35] Autigender is often incorrectly interpreted as saying that "autism" is one's gender.[30][36]

Gender dysphoria in autistic children[edit]

Gender dysphoria is a diagnosis in the fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disoders (DSM-5, since 2013, revised 2022) given to people who experience discomfort related to their gender identity.[24]: 511–514  The 11th edition of the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-11, since 2022) maintained by World Health Organization describes a similar condition under the term gender incongruence.[37]

Among people diagnosed with gender dysphoria, autism spectrum traits are observed more often than in the general population.[24]: 515 [25] A 2022 meta analysis concluded that there is a high prevalence of gender dysphoria in people diagnosed with an autism spectrum disorder.[25] The authors conclude that the data suggests a link between autism and gender dysphoria, but the nature and scope of the link requires further investigation.[25]

According to the DSM-5-TR, gender dysphoria can be difficult to diagnose in autistic people, as these might think concretely and rigidly around gender roles and/or have difficulties understanding their social context.[24]: 519–520  In 2018, a first proposal for clinical guidelines for co-occurring gender dysphoria and autism was published by a team of psychiatrists from across the US.[38]

While numerous case studies of gender dysphoria in autistic people were reported in the scientific literature, the first study to assess the convergence of gender dysphoria and autism was not published until 2010,[39][40] when researchers in the Netherlands examined 129 children and adolescents who were diagnosed with gender identity disorder (the precursor to gender dysphoria defined in the DSM-IV) at a gender identity clinic, finding that 6 individuals (4.7%) were also diagnosed as autistic.[41] A 2016 review of the available literature concluded that the prevalence of autism spectrum conditions among children and adolescents diagnosed with gender dysphoria was higher than in the general population.[42] A narrative review published in 2016 concluded that hypotheses regarding the underlying causes lacked evidence.[4]

Autistic traits in gender non-conforming and transgender people[edit]

A 2022 meta analysis concluded that there is a relationship between autistic traits and feelings of gender dysphoria. However, the researchers noted that little is known about autistic traits in those that are non-autistic.[25]

Some studies have noted an overlap between those with autism and those who are transgender.[43][44] British researchers in 2011 concluded that trans men had more autistic traits than trans women.[45] However, a study by British researchers in 2013 concluded that there was "no significant difference" between trans men and trans women in autistic traits observed.[46] Steven Stagg and Jaime Vincent of Anglia Ruskin University concluded in September 2019 that some of those seeking advice and help for their gender identity may be autistic, whether diagnosed or not, with these abilities impeding possible support, and urged clinicians treating individuals who are transgender or non-binary, especially those assigned female at birth, to consider whether they have undiagnosed ASD.[43] Four researchers in January 2020 suggested "overlap between autism and transgender identity", possibly more in trans men than trans women, and stated that anxiety and depression were the highest in autistic individuals who were transgender.[44] Scientists with the Autism Research Centre at University of Cambridge, using data from 600,000 adults in the UK, concluded in August 2020 that adults who were transgender or gender diverse were three to six times more likely to have an autistic diagnosis than those who were cisgender, and suggested that between 3.5 and 6.5% of transgender and gender diverse adults in the UK are autistic.[47][48]

Other researchers have noted the prevalence of autistic traits among those who identify as non-binary or genderqueer.[43] Two Warwick University researchers, utilizing data from 446 UK adult respondents, concluded in January 2016 that, based on their sample, genderqueer individuals were more likely to be autistic than any other group with gender dysphoria.[49][50]

Gender-affirming care for autistic people[edit]

In December 2014, four researchers concluded that being on the autism spectrum does not "preclude gender transition" and suggested methods for assisting such individuals in "exploring their gender identities".[51] One of the study's authors, Katherine Rachlin, said that, sometimes, being transgender can "look like the spectrum experience" to clinicians.[49] In March 2015, a study from researchers at the Yale School of Medicine stated that those on the autism spectrum should be treated equally to other individuals for gender dysphoria, and suggested that clinicians "broaden the social frame" and facilitate an "exploration of gender roles".[52] A Finnish study in April 2015 recommended that the autism spectrum be recognized seriously in developing guidelines for treating "child and adolescent gender dysphoria".[53]

A 2022 survey of gender clinic healthcare clinicians found there were often differences in communication and thinking styles between the clinicians and autistic patients.[54] The study concluded that adaptations should be made, including training for clinicians on working with autistic patients, and adjustments made in the clinical setting.[54]

WPATH SOC Version 8, published in August 2022, states that there is no evidence that withholding gender-affirming care from individuals with neurodevelopmental conditions has any benefit.[55] WPATH SOC 8 further recommends that healthcare professionals working with gender-diverse adolescents receive training and develop expertise in autism spectrum disorder and other neurodevelopmental presentations.[55]

Mental health of gender diverse autistic people[edit]

In a 2021 study on autistic camouflaging, gender-diverse autistic adults were found to use more autistic camouflaging than cisgender autistic adults.[56]

A January 2023 study on trans and non-binary adults found that higher autistic traits and higher gender minority stress were correlated with poorer mental health outcomes.[57]

In popular culture[edit]

See also: Autism spectrum disorders in the media, Media portrayal of LGBT people, and Societal and cultural aspects of autism § Media portrayals

Autistic characters that are part of the LGBTQ community are occasionally depicted in popular culture, whether in literature, animated or live-action series. Some have called for better representation. For instance, in June 2015, author Heidi Cullinan wrote in Spectrum that there is not nearly enough works of fiction with autistic people and even fewer who are part of the LGBTQ community, inspiring them to write a story with a gay autistic protagonist.[58] They also said that autistic people deserve to see themselves in stories, like anyone else. In March 2021, queer autistic novelist Naoise Dolan echoed this in an interview with PinkNews, calling for more visibility, saying that popular culture and art would be improved if "there were more queer autistics out there," along with other groups that are marginalized.[59] She also criticized bad portrayals of autistic characters and expressed her desire to "deliberately write the most counter-stereotypical autistic character possible" in her novel, Exciting Times.

Occasionally, LGBTQ autistic characters appear in literature. For example, a 2015 novel, Carry the Ocean, by Heidi Cullinan, gay protagonist, Jeremey Samon, develops a romantic relationship with an autistic boy named Emmet Washington.[60] Ada Hoffman's 2019 debut novel, The Outside, has a lesbian and autistic protagonist, Yasira Shien, who once had a lover named Tiv.[61] The book's sequel, The Fallen, came out in July 2021,[62] with a reappearance of Yasira, and the book was praised for its "excellent neurodiverse representation."[63] Xan West's 2019 novella, "Their Troublesome Crush," has a character, Ernest, who is openly autistic and demiromantic. West said they wrote the character from their own experience as an autistic demiromantic person.[64][65] Ernest has been described as "a show tunes–loving submissive," and has a metamour, the partner of his partner, named Nora.[66] Furthermore, Judith, the protagonist of Xan West's 2020 novel, Tenderness, is an "autistic Jewish bisexual midsize fat femme" who has chronic pain.[67] Zack Smedley's 2019 novel, Tonight We Rule the World, tells the story of Owen, a "bisexual high schooler...on the autism spectrum."[68]

Some creators and characters of animated series are autistic and part of the LGBTQ community. The creator of Dead End: Paranormal Park, Hamish Steele, a gay man who is autistic,[69][70] has said that he incorporated his experiences into characters such as Norma Khan in the show of the same name,[69] who is bisexual and autistic.[71][72][73][74][75]

Live-action television series have LGBTQ autistic characters as well. For instance, in March 2020, it was announced that the series Everything's Gonna Be Okay was introducing a "queer storyline" for autistic protagonist Matilda, who explores her sexual identity as a pansexual woman, and her friend, Drea, becomes her girlfriend. The show's creator, Josh Thomas, told The Advocate that he likes "having queer people in my show", noted that autistic people have "an extreme emotional vulnerability", and said that is "exciting that people on the spectrum are boldly leading and as far as identity goes."[76] In the course of filming the first season, he realised that he is autistic himself and obtained a formal diagnosis. In the second season his character (a gay man) comes to realise he, too, is autistic.[77] The rebooted Australian series Heartbreak High also features a queer autistic character, Quinni, played by autistic actor Chloé Hayden and written with her input.[78]

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^ Bertelli, Marco O.; Azeem, Muhammad Waqar; Underwood, Lisa; Scattoni, Maria Luisa; Persico, Antonio M.; Ricciardello, Arianna; Sappok, Tanja; Bergmann, Thomas; Keller, Roberto (2022), Bertelli, Marco O.; Deb, Shoumitro (Shoumi); Munir, Kerim; Hassiotis, Angela (eds.), "Autism Spectrum Disorder", Textbook of Psychiatry for Intellectual Disability and Autism Spectrum Disorder, Cham: Springer International Publishing, p. 391, doi:10.1007/978-3-319-95720-3_16, ISBN 978-3-319-95720-3, retrieved 2022-06-08, Persons with [autism spectrum disorder] and/or other neurodevelopmental problems are more likely than the general population to have transgender identity, non-heterosexual sexual orientation, and other gender non-conformities.
  2. ^ a b c d Lord, Catherine; Charman, Tony; Havdahl, Alexandra; Carbone, Paul; Anagnostou, Evdokia; Boyd, Brian; Carr, Themba; de Vries, Petrus J; Dissanayake, Cheryl; Divan, Gauri; et al. (2022). "The Lancet Commission on the future of care and clinical research in autism" (PDF). The Lancet. 399 (10321): 299–300. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(21)01541-5. hdl:11250/2975811. PMID 34883054. S2CID 244917920 – via Norwegian Institute of Public Health.
  3. ^ a b Graham Holmes, Laura; Ames, Jennifer L.; Massolo, Maria L.; Nunez, Denise M.; Croen, Lisa A. (2022-04-01). "Improving the Sexual and Reproductive Health and Health Care of Autistic People". Pediatrics. 149 (Supplement 4). American Academy of Pediatrics: e2020049437J. doi:10.1542/peds.2020-049437J. ISSN 0031-4005. PMID 35363286. A substantial proportion of autistic adolescents and adults are LGBTQIA+. Autistic people are more likely to be transgender or gender nonconforming compared with non-autistic people, and findings from a recent autism registry study suggest that among autistic people able to self-report on a survey, up to 18% of men and 43% of women may be sexual minorities.
  4. ^ a b Miesen, Anna I. R. Van Der; Hurley, Hannah; Vries, Annelou L. C. De (2016). "Gender dysphoria and autism spectrum disorder: A narrative review". International Review of Psychiatry. 28 (1): 70–80. doi:10.3109/09540261.2015.1111199. PMID 26753812. S2CID 20918937.
  5. ^ Wallisch, Anna; Boyd, Brian A.; Hall, Jean P.; Kurth, Noelle K.; Streed Jr, Carl G.; Mulcahy, Abigail; McMaughan, Darcy Jones; Batza, Katie (June 2023). "Health Care Disparities Among Autistic LGBTQ+ People". Autism in Adulthood. 5 (2): 165–174. doi:10.1089/aut.2022.0006. ISSN 2573-9581. PMC 10280185. PMID 37346996.
  6. ^ a b Sullivan, Amanda; Caterino, Linda C. (2008). "Addressing the Sexuality and Sex Education of Individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorders". Education and Treatment of Children. 31 (3): 381–394. doi:10.1353/etc.0.0001. ISSN 0748-8491. JSTOR 42899984. S2CID 143957507.
  7. ^ Schöttle, Daniel; Briken, Peer; Tüscher, Oliver; Turner, Daniel (December 2017). "Sexuality in autism: hypersexual and paraphilic behavior in women and men with high-functioning autism spectrum disorder". Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience. 19 (4): 381–393. doi:10.31887/DCNS.2017.19.4/dschoettle. PMC 5789215. PMID 29398933.
  8. ^ a b c Sala, Giorgia; Pecora, Laura; Hooley, Merrilyn; Stokes, Mark A. (2020-06-01). "As Diverse as the Spectrum Itself: Trends in Sexuality, Gender and Autism". Current Developmental Disorders Reports. 7 (2): 59–68. doi:10.1007/s40474-020-00190-1. ISSN 2196-2987. S2CID 214606609.
  9. ^ Sala, Giorgia; Hooley, Merrilyn; Attwood, Tony; Mesibov, Gary B.; Stokes, Mark A. (2019-09-01). "Autism and Intellectual Disability: A Systematic Review of Sexuality and Relationship Education". Sexuality and Disability. 37 (3): 353–382. doi:10.1007/s11195-019-09577-4. ISSN 1573-6717. S2CID 189875576.
  10. ^ Gilmour, Laura; Smith, Veronica; Schalomon, Melike (2014), Patel, Vinood B.; Preedy, Victor R.; Martin, Colin R. (eds.), "Sexuality and ASD: Current State of Research", Comprehensive Guide to Autism, New York, NY: Springer, pp. 569–584, doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-4788-7_27, ISBN 978-1-4614-4788-7, retrieved 2022-06-09
  11. ^ a b c Pecora, Laura A.; Hancock, Grace I.; Hooley, Merrilyn; Demmer, David H.; Attwood, Tony; Mesibov, Gary B.; Stokes, Mark A. (2020). "Gender identity, sexual orientation and adverse sexual experiences in autistic females". Molecular Autism. 11 (1): 57. doi:10.1186/s13229-020-00363-0. ISSN 2040-2392. PMC 7353794. PMID 32653016.
  12. ^ Attanasio, Margherita; Masedu, Francesco; Quattrini, Fabrizio; Pino, Maria Chiara; Vagnetti, Roberto; Valenti, Marco; Mazza, Monica (2021-11-15). "Are Autism Spectrum Disorder and Asexuality Connected?" (PDF). Archives of Sexual Behavior. 51 (4): 2091–2115. doi:10.1007/s10508-021-02177-4. ISSN 1573-2800. PMID 34779982. S2CID 244115396.
  13. ^ Sarris, Marina (June 22, 2020). "Autistic People More Likely to Identify as LGBTQ". Simons Foundation Powering Autism Research for Knowledge (SPARK). Simons Foundation Autism Research Initiative (SFARI). Retrieved December 13, 2021.
  14. ^ Sala, Giorgia; Pecora, Laura; Hooley, Merrilyn; Stokes, Mark A. (2020-06-01). "As Diverse as the Spectrum Itself: Trends in Sexuality, Gender and Autism". Current Developmental Disorders Reports. 7 (2): 59–68. doi:10.1007/s40474-020-00190-1. ISSN 2196-2987. S2CID 214606609.
  15. ^ Byers, E.S.; Nichols, S.; Voyer, S.D. (2013). "Challenging stereotypes: Sexual functioning of single adults with high functioning autism spectrum disorder". Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders. 43 (11): 2617–2627. doi:10.1007/s10803-013-1813-z. PMID 23526036. S2CID 41857222.
  16. ^ Parchomiuk, Monika (2019-06-01). "Sexuality of Persons with Autistic Spectrum Disorders (ASD)". Sexuality and Disability. 37 (2): 259–274. doi:10.1007/s11195-018-9534-z. ISSN 1573-6717. S2CID 150360611.
  17. ^ Alison, Rowan; Verardi, James H. (2021). "Including Asexual People in Services" (PDF). Equality Network: 17.
  18. ^ CDC (2022-03-02). "Data and Statistics on Autism Spectrum Disorder | CDC". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Retrieved 2022-10-08.
  19. ^ CDC (2020-04-27). "CDC Releases First Estimates of the Number of Adults Living with ASD". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Retrieved 2022-10-08.
  20. ^ Bureau, US Census. "National Population by Characteristics: 2020-2021". Census.gov. Retrieved 2022-10-08.
  21. ^ a b c Pecora, Laura A.; Hooley, Merrilyn; Sperry, Laurie; Mesibov, Gary B.; Stokes, Mark A. (2021-03-01). "Sexuality and Gender Issues in Individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder". Psychiatric Clinics of North America. Autism Spectrum Disorder Across the Lifespan Part II. 44 (1): 111–124. doi:10.1016/j.psc.2020.11.009. ISSN 0193-953X. PMID 33526233. S2CID 231760483.
  22. ^ Dewinter, J.; De Graaf, H.; Begeer, S. (2017). "Sexual Orientation, Gender Identity, and Romantic Relationships in Adolescents and Adults with Autism Spectrum Disorder". Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders. 47 (9): 2927–2934. doi:10.1007/s10803-017-3199-9. ISSN 0162-3257. PMC 5570786. PMID 28597143.
  23. ^ Weir, Elizabeth; Allison, Carrie; Baron-Cohen, Simon (2021). "The sexual health, orientation, and activity of autistic adolescents and adults". Autism Research. 14 (11): 2342–2354. doi:10.1002/aur.2604. ISSN 1939-3806. PMID 34536071. S2CID 237557123.
  24. ^ a b c d American Psychiatric Association (2022). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition, Text Revision. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association. doi:10.1176/appi.books.9780890425787. ISBN 978-0-89042-575-6. S2CID 249488050.
  25. ^ a b c d e Kallitsounaki, Aimilia; Williams, David M. (20 May 2022). "Autism Spectrum Disorder and Gender Dysphoria/Incongruence. A systematic Literature Review and Meta-Analysis". Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders. 53 (8): 3103–3117. doi:10.1007/S10803-022-05517-Y. PMC 10313553. PMID 35596023.
  26. ^ Laurye, Sharon (March 6, 2016). "Study: Autistic kids more likely to be gender non-conforming". Philly Voice. Retrieved 2023-06-05.
  27. ^ Janssen, A.; Huang, H.; Duncan, C. (2016). "Gender Variance Among Youth with Autism Spectrum Disorders: A Retrospective Chart Review". Transgender Health. 1 (1): 63–68. doi:10.1089/trgh.2015.0007. PMC 5367474. PMID 28861527.
  28. ^ Cooper, Kate; Smith, Laura G. E.; Russell, Ailsa J. (18 April 2018). "Gender Identity in Autism: Sex Differences in Social Affiliation with Gender Groups". Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders. 48 (12): 3995–4006. doi:10.1007/s10803-018-3590-1. PMC 6223803. PMID 29705922.
  29. ^ M.D, Eric Hollander; M.D, Randi Hagerman; M.S, Casara Ferretti (2022-03-15). Textbook of Autism Spectrum Disorders, Second Edition. American Psychiatric Pub. p. 93. ISBN 978-1-61537-304-8.
  30. ^ a b Hartman, Davida; O'Donnell-Killen, Tara; Doyle, Jessica K.; Kavanagh, Dr Maeve; Day, Dr Anna; Azevedo, Dr Juliana (2023-02-21). The Adult Autism Assessment Handbook: A Neurodiversity Affirmative Approach. Jessica Kingsley Publishers. p. 171. ISBN 978-1-83997-167-9.
  31. ^ "What is autism". www.autism.org.uk. Retrieved 28 April 2023.
  32. ^ "Gender and health". www.who.int. Retrieved 28 April 2023.
  33. ^ Strang, John F; van der Miesen, Anna IR; Caplan, Reid; Hughes, Cat; daVanport, Sharon; Lai, Meng-Chuan (April 2020). "Both sex- and gender-related factors should be considered in autism research and clinical practice". Autism. 24 (3): 539–543. doi:10.1177/1362361320913192. ISSN 1362-3613. PMID 32299242. S2CID 215802795.
  34. ^ Mendes, Eva; Maroney, Meredith (2019). Gender Identity, Sexuality and Autism: Voices from Across the Spectrum. Philadelphia: Jessica Kingsley Publishers. pp. 148–149. ISBN 978-1785927546.
  35. ^ "Autigender". Stimpunks Foundation. 25 September 2022. Retrieved 28 April 2023.
  36. ^ "7 Cool Aspects of Autistic Culture". NeuroClastic. 2019-04-06. Retrieved 2023-05-12.
  37. ^ "Gender incongruence". ICD-11 for Mortality and Morbidity Statistics. World Health Organization. 2023. Retrieved 2023-06-05.
  38. ^ Strang, John F.; Meagher, Haley; Kenworthy, Lauren; de Vries, Annelou L. C.; Menvielle, Edgardo; Leibowitz, Scott; Janssen, Aron; Cohen-Kettenis, Peggy; Shumer, Daniel E.; Edwards-Leeper, Laura; Pleak, Richard R.; Spack, Norman; Karasic, Dan H.; Schreier, Herbert; Balleur, Anouk (2018). "Initial Clinical Guidelines for Co-Occurring Autism Spectrum Disorder and Gender Dysphoria or Incongruence in Adolescents". Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology. 47 (1): 105–115. doi:10.1080/15374416.2016.1228462. PMID 27775428. S2CID 2393051.
  39. ^ Urquhart, Evan (March 21, 2018). "A Disproportionate Number of Autistic Youth Are Transgender. Why?". Slate. Retrieved 2023-06-05.
  40. ^ White, Bryony (November 15, 2016). "The Link Between Autism and Trans Identity". The Atlantic. Retrieved 2023-06-02.
  41. ^ Vries, A.L.C.; Noens, I.L.J.; Cohen-Kettenis, P.T.; Berckelaer-Onnes, I.A.V.; Doreleijers, T.A. (22 January 2010). "Autism Spectrum Disorders in Gender Dysphoric Children and Adolescents". Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders. 40 (8): 930–936. doi:10.1007/s10803-010-0935-9. PMC 2904453. PMID 20094764.
  42. ^ Glidden, Derek; Bouman, Walter Pierre; Jones, Bethany A.; Arcelus, Jon (2016). "Gender Dysphoria and Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Systemic Review of the Literature" (PDF). Sexual Medicine Reviews. 4 (1): 3–14. doi:10.1016/j.sxmr.2015.10.003. PMID 27872002. S2CID 3454600.
  43. ^ a b c Stagg, S.; Vincent, J. (September 2019). "Autistic traits in individuals self-defining as transgender or nonbinary". European Psychiatry. 61: 17–22. doi:10.1016/j.eurpsy.2019.06.003. PMID 31260907. S2CID 195770805.
  44. ^ a b Murphy, J.; Prentice, F.; Walsh, R.; Catmur, C.; Bird, G. (2020). "Autism and transgender identity: Implications for depression and anxiety" (PDF). Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders. 69 (101466): 101466. doi:10.1016/j.rasd.2019.101466. S2CID 210571788.
  45. ^ Jones, R.M.; Wheelwright, S.; Farrell, K.; Martin, E.; Green, R.; Di Ceglie, D.; Baron-Cohen, S. (30 March 2011). "Brief report: female-to-male transsexual people and autistic traits". Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders. 42 (2): 301–6. doi:10.1007/s10803-011-1227-8. PMID 21448752. S2CID 17812230.
  46. ^ Pasterski, V.; Gilligan, L.; Curtis, R. (18 July 2013). "Traits of autism spectrum disorders in adults with gender dysphoria". Archives of Sexual Behavior. 43 (2): 301–6. doi:10.1007/s10508-013-0154-5. PMID 23864402. S2CID 20078504.
  47. ^ "Transgender and gender-diverse individuals are more likely to be autistic and report higher autistic traits" (Press release). Cambridge, UK: University of Cambridge. 7 August 2020. Archived from the original on 22 April 2021. Retrieved 2021-09-11.
  48. ^ Warrier, V.; Greenberg, D.M.; Weir, E.; Buckingham, C.; Smith, Paula; Lai, M.C.; Allison, C.; Baron-Cohen, S. (7 August 2020). "Elevated rates of autism, other neurodevelopmental and psychiatric diagnoses, and autistic traits in transgender and gender-diverse individuals". Nature Communications. 11 (3959): 3959. Bibcode:2020NatCo..11.3959W. doi:10.1038/s41467-020-17794-1. PMC 7415151. PMID 32770077.
  49. ^ a b Rudacille, Deborah (April 13, 2016). "Living between genders". Spectrum. Simons Foundation. Retrieved 2023-06-02.
  50. ^ Kristensen, Z.E.; Broome, M.R. (16 January 2016). "Autistic Traits in an Internet Sample of Gender Variant UK Adults". International Journal of Transgenderism. 16 (4): 234–45. doi:10.1080/15532739.2015.1094436. S2CID 146875880.
  51. ^ Jacobs, L.; Rachlin, Katherine; Erickson-Schroth, L.; Janssen, A. (11 December 2014). "Gender Dysphoria and Co-Occurring Autism Spectrum Disorders: Review, Case Examples, and Treatment Considerations". LGBT Health. 1 (4): 277–82. doi:10.1089/lgbt.2013.0045. PMID 26789856.
  52. ^ van Schalkwyk, G.I.; Klingensmith, K.; Volkmar, F.R. (4 March 2015). "Gender identity and autism spectrum disorders". Yale Journal of Biology and Medicine. 88 (1): 81–3. PMC 4345542. PMID 25744543.
  53. ^ Kaltiala-Heino, R.; Sumia, M.; Työläjärvi, M.; Lindberg, N. (9 April 2015). "Two years of gender identity service for minors: overrepresentation of natal girls with severe problems in adolescent development". Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health. 9 (9): 9. doi:10.1186/s13034-015-0042-y. PMC 4396787. PMID 25873995.
  54. ^ a b Cooper, Kate; Mandy, William; Russell, Ailsa; Butler, Catherine (2023) [14 March 2022]. "Healthcare clinician perspectives on the intersection of autism and gender dysphoria". Autism. 27 (1) (published January 2023): 31–42. doi:10.1177/13623613221080315. PMC 9806459. PMID 35285287.
  55. ^ a b Coleman, E.; et al. (19 August 2022). "Standards of Care for the Health of Transgender and Gender Diverse People, Version 8". International Journal of Transgender Health. 23 (Suppl 1): S37, S49. doi:10.1080/26895269.2022.2100644. ISSN 2689-5269. PMC 9553112. PMID 36238954.
  56. ^ McQuaid, G. A.; Lee, N. R.; Wallace, G. L. (2022). "Camouflaging in autism spectrum disorder: Examining the roles of sex, gender identity, and diagnostic timing". Autism. 26 (2): 552–559. doi:10.1177/13623613211042131. PMID 34420418. S2CID 237268400.
  57. ^ Kung, Karston T. F. (2023). "Autistic Traits, Gender Minority Stress, and Mental Health in Transgender and Non-Binary Adults". Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders. doi:10.1007/s10803-022-05875-7. PMID 36652125. S2CID 255969392.
  58. ^ Cullinan, Heidi (June 2015). "Representing autism and romantic orientation in fiction". Spectrums Magazine. Portland, Oregon: Spectrums Magazine LLC. pp. 10–11. Retrieved September 11, 2021.
  59. ^ Dolan, Naoise (March 4, 2021). "'Embracing queerness delayed my coming to terms with autism. We need more visibility,' says acclaimed author Naoise Dolan". PinkNews (Interview). Interviewed by Patrick Kelleher. Archived from the original on March 5, 2021. Retrieved September 11, 2021.
  60. ^ "Doctor's Orders". Official website of Heidi Cullinan. Archived from the original on September 12, 2021. Retrieved September 12, 2021.
  61. ^ Hoffmann, Ada (2019-06-11). The Outside. Watkins Media Limited. ISBN 978-0-85766-814-1.
  62. ^ "Revealing The Fallen, Sequel to Ada Hoffman's The Outside". Tor.com. September 9, 2020. Archived from the original on November 24, 2020.
  63. ^ Walsh, Dominic (July 14, 2021). "In Review: The Fallen by Ada Hoffmann". SciFi Pulse. Archived from the original on July 14, 2021. Retrieved September 12, 2021.
  64. ^ West, Xan (May 20, 2019). "Guest Post: Their Troublesome Crush by Xan West". Queer Books Unbound. Archived from the original on March 4, 2021. Retrieved September 12, 2021.
  65. ^ West, Xan. "Author Interview: Xan West". Let's Fox About It (Interview). Interviewed by Ceillie Simkiss. WordPress. Archived from the original on September 27, 2020. Retrieved September 12, 2021.
  66. ^ Pryde, Jessica (16 December 2020). "Read Harder: A Fat-Positive Romance". Book Riot. Archived from the original on February 7, 2021.
  67. ^ "Cover Reveal: Tenderness by Xan West". Let's Fox About It. WordPress. 9 March 2020. Archived from the original on January 22, 2021. Retrieved September 12, 2021.
  68. ^ "Tonight We Rule the World [Review]". Kirkus Reviews. July 13, 2021. Archived from the original on September 12, 2021. Retrieved September 12, 2021.
  69. ^ a b Steele, Hamish (June 16, 2022). "'Dead End: Paranormal Park' Creator Hamish Steele on Crafting the Animated YA LGBTQ-Inclusive Horror Series". The Hollywood Reporter (Interview). Interviewed by Abbey White. Archived from the original on June 17, 2022. Retrieved June 19, 2022. Long story short, I was diagnosed with autism during the show's production, basically, thanks to Norma, because I was just writing my experiences...I think for a possible season two, the focus would shift a degree towards Norma and balance that out.
  70. ^ Wratten, Marcus (July 14, 2022). "Dead End: Paranormal Park creator on upsetting Republicans and the power of trans characters". PinkNews. Archived from the original on July 26, 2022. Retrieved August 2, 2022. As a gay person working in the industry, it's hard to hear that and not think that you are inappropriate.
  71. ^ White, Abbey (2022-06-16). "'Dead End: Paranormal Park' Creator Hamish Steele on Crafting the Animated YA LGBTQ-Inclusive Horror Series". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved 2022-12-08.
  72. ^ Rude, Mey (May 19, 2022). "Watch the Trailer For New Trans Cartoon Series Dead End: Paranormal Park". Out Magazine. Archived from the original on May 19, 2022. Retrieved May 19, 2022.
  73. ^ King, Jade (June 17, 2022). "Dead End: Paranormal Park Is A Spooky, Fun, And Super Queer Adventure". The Gamer. Archived from the original on June 17, 2022. Retrieved June 17, 2022.
  74. ^ polypearls [@polypearls] (June 18, 2022). "ohhh my god netflix u need to renew dead end immediately" (Tweet). Archived from the original on June 19, 2022 – via Twitter. This tweet shares a direct message by Hamish Steele about Norma.
  75. ^ "Quirky, Spooky and Hilarious World Of 'DeadEndia' Comes To Netflix In A New Animated Series". Netflix Media Center. 2 July 2020. Archived from the original on September 14, 2020. The graphic novels have been lauded for capturing the growing pains of early adulthood of characters...including...neurodiverse Norma
  76. ^ Gilchrest, Tracy E. (March 21, 2020). "Everything's Gonna Be Okay Shows 'Dual Spectrum' of Autism and LGBTQ Identities". The Advocate. Archived from the original on March 12, 2021. Retrieved September 11, 2021.
  77. ^ "Josh Thomas on autism, his podcast and being honest to a fault: 'Why am I telling you this?'". The Guardian. 2022-05-26. Retrieved 2022-12-08.
  78. ^ Topsfield, Jewel (2022-09-23). "Chloe Hayden channels her anger at Sia into scriptwriting gold for Heartbreak High". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 2022-12-08.

Further reading[edit]

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Autism_and_LGBT_identities&oldid=1215092379"